156 



CHILI. 



of the progress, from year to year, of the physi- 

 cal and chemical sciences. 



Among the papers to be found in the Report 

 for 1863, are: A Brief Sketch of the Modern 

 Theory of Chemical Types, by Dr. Charles M. 

 Wetherili, the paper being illustrated with nu- 

 merous examples of formulae and with diagrams ; 

 and Purple Dying, Ancient and Modem, trans- 

 lated for the Institution from the German peri- 

 odical, " Aus der Natur " (Leipzig) ; and in the 

 volume for 1864, Ozone and Antozone, by Dr. 

 Wetherill ; Extract of a Memoir by M. Becquerel 

 (translated), On the Preservation of Copper and 

 Iron in Salt Water ; Preservation of Wood, 

 translated from " Aus der Natur ; " Caoutchouc 

 and Gutta Percha, from the same; and The 

 Products of the Combustion of Gun-cotton and 

 Gun-powder under circumstances analogous to 

 those which occur in Practice (Pogg. Ann., 

 April, 1863), a translation, with remarks by 

 Dr. B. F. Craig. 



Works and Lectures. Without proposing to 

 enter into a full enumeration of recent and im- 

 portant chemical works, &c. such as may, or 

 may not, have been elsewhere mentioned the 

 writer deems it proper in this place to call at- 

 tention especially to the recent edition of the 

 extensive and excellent work on Chemistry of 

 Prof. W. A. Miller; to the still more recent 

 works, in harmony with the new chemical phi- 

 losophy and nomenclature, of Prof. A. W. Hof- 

 mann, entitled, Modern Chemistry, Experiment- 

 al and Theoretic, and of Prof. A. W. Williamson, 

 entitled (it appears), Chemistry for Students; 

 and also to the following published lectures: The 

 " Cantor Lectures," series for 1864, six in num- 

 ber, by Dr. F. 0. Calvert, On Chemistry Ap- 

 plied to the Arts (Chemical News, 1864 ; Journal 

 of the Franklin Institute, 1865); and the series 

 for 1865, On Some of the Most Important Chem- 

 ical Discoveries made within the last Two Years 

 (Chemical News, November 3, 1865, and on); 

 a lecture On the Present State of the Chemistry 

 of Gas Lighting (Chemical News, July 7, 1865), 

 by Dr. H. Letheby; six lectures On Animal 

 Chemistry (Chemical News, July 21, 1865, and 

 on), delivered before the London College of 

 Physicians, by Dr. William Odling; and one, 

 On Lecture Illustrations (Chemical News, July 

 28, 1865, and on), by Prof. Hofmann, before the 

 Chemical Society, and which is published with 

 numerous illustrative diagrams and drawings. 



CHILI, a republic in South America. Presi- 

 dent (September 18, 1861-1865), Jos6 Joaquin 

 Perez. Ministry, A. Covarrubias (Interior and 

 exterior); F. Errazuriz (Justice, Worship, and 

 Instruction) ; A. Reyes (Finances) ; J. Manuel 

 Pinto (War andJNavy). The Senate is composed 

 of 20 members, elected for a term of 9 years. 

 The Chamber of Representatives consists of one 

 member for every 20,000 inhabitants, elected 

 for a term of 3 years. Minister of the United 

 States near the Government of Chili, Maj.-Gen. 

 Judson Kilpatrick (appointed 1865); Chilian 

 Charge d' Affaires in Washington, F. S. Asta- 

 Burnaga). Area, 170,000 square miles ; popula- 



tion (1863), 1,700,055. The number of foreign 

 born residents was, in 1854, 19,669. The ex- 

 penditures of the Government were estimated 

 for the year 1863 at 7,585,983 piastres. The 

 regular army numbered in 1863, 2,871 men; 

 the national guards, 28,077 men. The fleet con- 

 sisted of 4 steamers, with 27 guns. The imports! 

 of the year 1863 amounted to 20,487,517 pias- 

 tres, and the exports to 20,118,852 piastres. 

 The movements of shipping during the years 

 1861-'63, were as follows: 



Of the vessels, entered in 1863, 1,474, of an 

 aggregate tonnage of 272,550, sailed under the 

 Chilian flag. 



No country of South America manifested in 

 1864 a warmer sympathy with the struggle of 

 Peru against Spain than Chili. Spain regarded 

 the conduct of the Chilian Government as a 

 breach of international comity, and demanded 

 satisfaction. An amicable arrangement was, 

 however, reached in May. The Spanish Charge^ 

 d' Affaires in Chili, S. Tavira, declared that he 

 regarded the explanatory note transmitted to 

 him by the Chilian Government, relative to the 

 hostile attitude which the country had ob- 

 served during the Peruvian conflict, as sufficient 

 satisfaction ; and the President, in his mes- 

 sage to Congress, in June, congratulated that 

 body upon the satisfactory settlement of the 

 difficulty. The Spanish Government, however, 

 disavowed the conduct of its representative, 

 whom it recalled on July 25, 1865. The fur- 

 ther negotiation concerning the difficulty was 

 intrusted to Admiral Pareja, the commander of 

 the Spanish fleet in the Pacific, who, on Sep- 

 tember 17th, arrived at Valparaiso in his flag- 

 ship, the Villa de Madrid, and notified the 

 Chilian Government that the former arrange- 

 ment concluded with Senor Tavira had been 

 disapproved at Madrid, that he was invested 

 with the power to demand immediate repara- 

 tion, and that a refusal to comply with his 

 demands would result in a commencement of 

 hostilities. The first communication from Ad- 

 miral Pareja to the Chilian Minister of Foreign 

 Affairs, is dated on board his flagship, Septem- 

 ber 17th. In this lengthy document he proceeds 

 to review the cause of complaint on the part of 

 Spain against Chili, and divides the subject into 

 five parts. In the first he complains " that the 

 outrages and insulting cries and threats com- 

 mitted and uttered against Spain, in front of the 

 house then occupied as her Most Catholic Maj- 

 esty's Legation, were not sufficiently punished : " 

 secondly, " the publication of the disgraceful 

 newspaper called the ' San Martin,' whose 

 columns were filled daily with the grossest at- 

 tacks against Spain and the objects dearest tc 

 Spaniards : " thirdly, that the Peruvian steamer- 



