DENMARK. 



DIALYSIS. 



307 



ments of the State, together with certain taxes, 

 fees, fines, forfeitures, &c. 



Under the act of Congress of July 30, 1864, 

 imposing a tax of ten per cent, on the circula- 

 tion of State banks, the alternative was pre- 

 sented to them to adopt the national system 

 authorized by act of Congress, or to go into 

 liquidation. The State of Delaware owned 

 $305,700 of the capital of the Farmers' Bank. 

 An act was therefore passed authorizing the 

 change to the national system. 



The subject of internal improvements has 

 for years received much attention from the 

 people of this State. The construction and 

 operation of the Delaware Railroad has added 

 greatly to the wealth and convenience of the 

 people, and especially those residing in close 

 proximity to it. It is now being rapidly ex- 

 tended, by its connection with a Maryland 

 road, through the Eastern shore of Mary- 

 land to the waters of the Chesapeake, and 

 promises, when completed, still further . to en- 

 hance the wealth and prosperity of the whole 

 section of country through which it passes. 

 The Delaware and Maryland Railroad is now 

 in process of rapid construction, and the expec- 

 tation of those having charge of this improve- 

 ment is that it will be completed within the 

 present year. This road will be of immense 

 advantage to a very productive section of Kent 

 County, greatly in need of facilities for trans- 

 porting produce to market. The comple- 

 tion of the Junction and Breakwater Railroad 

 from Milford, by way of Georgetown to Lewes, 

 is greatly desired by all the citizens. 



The amendment to the Constitution of the 

 United States, which had been ratified at the 

 close of the year, abolished slavery in the 

 State of Delaware. The number of slaves in 

 the State in 1860 was 1,798. During the ex- 

 citement of the war this number had been 

 greatly reduced, arid but few remained to re- 

 ceive any benefit from the measure. The free 

 colored population in 1860 was 19,829. In the 

 Legislature of the State this amendment was 

 rejected. 



DENMARK, a kingdom in Europe. King, 

 Christian IX., born April 8, 1818, succeeded 

 on November 15, 1863, King Frederick VII., in 

 virtue of the "London Protocol" of May 8, 1852, 

 and the Danish law of succession of July 31, 

 1853. Oldest son of the king, and heir apparent 

 to the throne, Crown Prince Frederick, born 

 June 3, 1843. Since the cession of the Duchies 

 Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg to Prussia 

 and Austria, on October 30, 1864, the area of Den- 

 mark Proper consists of 15,896 square miles, con- 

 taining (February 1, 1860) 1,608,095 inhabitants. 

 The other dominions of Denmark (Faroe Islands, 

 Iceland, Greenland, and the Island of St. Croix, 

 St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies) 

 had, in 1860, a population of 124,020. The 

 average annual increase of the population from 

 1855 to 1860 was 1.34 per cent. Four cities have 

 a population above 10,000 inhabitants. Copenha- 

 gen, 155,143 ; Odense, 14,255; Aarhuus, 11,009 ; 



Aalborg, 10,069. On February 1, 1860, there 

 were in Denmark only 12,907 persons not con- 

 nected with the Lutheran State Church, of whom 

 the Jews were 4,214; Roman Catholics, 1,240; 

 Reformed, 1,761 ; Mormons, 2,657 ; Baptists, 

 2,270 ; Anglicans, 114 ; Apostolical Free Church, 

 202 ; and Evangelical Lutheran Free Church, 

 162. Since 1860 the Methodist Episcopal 

 Church has also been established in Denmark, 

 and in 1865 full religious liberty was granted 

 to that body. The receipts in the budget of 

 1865-'66 was calculated at 9,819,682; the ex- 

 penditures at 13,979,348 rix-dollars. The pub- 

 lic debt of the Danish monarchy, inclusive of 

 Schleswig, Holstein, and Laeunburg, was on 

 March 31, 1864, 11 3,254, 944 rix-dollars; the par- 

 ticular debt of Denmark Proper, 8,379,339 do. 

 The share of the duchies in the public debt was 

 fixed in the treaty of Vienna at 29,000,000 rix- 

 dollars. The Danish army, on the peace-foot- 

 ing, consists of 12,000 men ; during the war 

 against Austria and Prussia it was raised to 

 about 55,000. The fleet, in March, 1865, con- 

 sisted of 29 steamers (of which 4 were iron- 

 clads), with 376 guns, besides a number of sail- 

 ing vessels. 



DIALYSIS, NEW APPLICATIONS OF. Conversion 

 of Salt Meat into Fresh, etc. An article on the 

 UTILIZATION OF BRINE will be found in the vol- 

 ume of this CYCLOPEDIA for 1864, the method 

 applied by Mr. A. A. Whitelaw, of Glasgow 

 being that of dialysis, for which see also pre- 

 ceding volumes. In a note in the Jour, of the 

 Franklin Institute for July, 1865, it is stated 

 that in a paper read by Dr. William Marcet be- 

 fore the London Chemical Society, and to be 

 found in its journal (December, 1864), but 

 which the writer of this has not met with, that 

 author asserts that the material procured from 

 brine by the dialytic process, as shown by his 

 experiments, lacks in considerable degree the 

 crystalloid constituents of flesh, such as the 

 phosphates, the lactates, kreatine and kreatin- 

 ine ; and that it is thus in reality very poor in 

 nutritious matter. 



Another application of dialysis, however, 

 later made by Mr. Whitelaw, that namely of a 

 mode of freshening salted meats, appeal's, so 

 far as published accounts have yet been met 

 with, to promise a more decided practicability 

 and success. The process, as stated by the in- 

 ventor (Chem. News, May 28, 1864), consists 

 essentially in placing the salt meat within a 

 dialytic bag made of untanned skin or other 

 suitable material, and which is further to be 

 nearly filled with brine from the barrel ; then 

 immersing this dialyser, so charged, in a suffi- 

 cient quantity of sea-water, and allowing the 

 interchange of materials through the texture of 

 the bag to go on for several days. As the 

 brine becomes freed of salt, the meat gradually 

 parts with its salt to the brine, and this por- 

 tion also is in turn withdrawn by the liquid 

 without. The process should continue until 

 the meat is fresh enough for use or, say, 

 until the enclosed brine is within 1 or 2 



