328 



EUKOPE. 



the old Constitution. (See AUSTRIA, and HUN- 

 GARY.) In Prussia, the breach between the 

 King and the people continued as before, with- 

 out, however, leading to any practical conse- 

 quence. (See PRUSSIA.) The Federal diet of 

 Germany passed several resolutions contrary to 

 the views of Austria and Prussia, but was too 

 timid and powerless to push matters to an open 

 rupture. (See GERMANY.) In Kussia, the first 

 elective provisional Diets were held. The no- 

 bility of several petitioned the Emperor to grant 

 a Constitution of the Empire, embracing a legis- 

 lature of two Houses ; but the Emperor severely 

 censured this movement. (See KUSSIA.) 



The hope of effecting a telegraphic communi- 

 cation between Europe and America was again 

 doomed to disappointment ; but the Atlantic 

 Telegraph Company at once resolved not to 

 relinquish the object ; and it has since officially 

 announced that in June, 1866, another effort 

 will be made to raise the old cable, and to lay 

 a new one. The interest in a telegraphic con- 

 nection of Europe with America is so great 

 that, besides the English-American Company, 

 several new companies have been formed in 

 other countries, to try different routes for the 

 same object. But all of these are likely to be 

 forestalled by the company which has under- 

 taken to connect Eastern Asia with the western 

 coast of North America. 



An interesting fact in the commercial history 

 of Europe is the great difference in the move- 

 ments of shipping of the several countries dur- 

 ing the period from 1856 to 1863. Looking at 

 the ratio of increase only, we find Norway at 

 the head of all, having had a total addition to 

 her mercantile navy in the period mentioned 

 of 169,000 tons, or 6 per cent, annually. 

 Next comes Hanover, with a total increase of 

 45,000 tons, or 6 per cent, annually ; Prussia, 

 with a total increase of 105,900, or 5.5 per cent, 

 annually; Hamburg, with a total increase of 

 66,100 tons, or 5.5 per cent, annually; Bremen, 

 with a total increase of 54,000 tons, or 5.1 per 

 cent, annually; Italy, with a total increase of 

 153,900 tons, or 4 per cent, annually; Mecklen- 

 burg, with a total increase of 33,600 tons, or 4 

 per cent, annually ; Oldenburg, with a total in- 

 crease of 19,400 tons, or 3.3 per cent, annually; 

 Great Britain, with a total increase of 878,000 

 tons, or nearly 3 per cent. (2.85 per cent.) an- 

 nually ; Sweden, with a total increase of 44,100 

 tons, or 2.4 per cent, annually ; France, with 

 a total increase of 127,000 tons, or 1.9 per 

 cent, annually ; Denmark, with a total increase 

 43,400 tons, or 1.8 per cent, annually ; Spain, 

 with a total increase of 40,000 tons, or 1.4 

 per cent, annually ; Eussia, with a total increase 

 of 12,000 tons, or 0.5 percent, annually ; Lubeck, 

 with a total increase of 500 tons, or 0.4 per 

 cent, annually. In contrast to the rapid increase 

 there is a perceptible diminution in the com- 

 mercial shipping of other nations. The Dutch 

 commercial fleet actually lost, in the same pe- 

 riod, a total of 28,100 tons, or 0.7 per cent, an- 

 nually; Greece lost a total of 3,600 tons, or 1.5 



EVERETT, EDWARD. 



per cent, annually ; Austria lost a total of 53,- 

 800 tons, or 2 per cent, annually ; and Belgium 

 lost a total of 14,800 tons, or 3.6 per cent, an- 

 nually. By summing up and comparing these 

 several items with each other, it will be found 

 that while in the septennial period mentioned 

 all Europe added 1,980,000 tonnage to the ca- 

 pacity of her mercantile fleet (possessing ships 

 of 11,892,600 tons in 1863, against 9,912,000 in 

 1856), Prussia and the minor States of Germany 

 augmented their commercial strength by 324,- 

 500 tons, against a corresponding increase in 

 Great Britain by 878,000 tons ; in Italy, by 

 153,000 tons; and in France by 127,000 tons. 

 Thus, while the British, German, French, and 

 Italian shipping are on the ascending scale, the 

 Austrian is falling off, and the Russian can be 

 hardly said to be making progress. 



The strength of the crews in the various 

 countries is by no means in proportion to the 

 number and size of the ships. Thus England, 

 with her 28,600 vessels, of 5,308,008 tons bur- 

 den, had 213,900 sailors on board ship in 1863 ; 

 while Italy, with 16,600 vessels, of 686,000 

 tons (inclusive of the larger class of fishing- 

 smacks), numbered a sea-faring population of 

 no less than 100,000 men in 1862. Again, 

 France, in 1862, had 62,200 men on board 

 of 15,132 vessels, of 1,044,000 tons (not reck- 

 oning 25,000 on 8,250 fishing-smacks) ; Spain, 

 in 1861, required even 46,900 men to man 

 her 9,707 ships, of 443,000 tons (not reck- 

 oning 40,000 men on 10,817 fishing-smacks); 

 while Germany, with the 6,295 vessels, of 

 1,303,802 tons, she owned in 1864, had em- 

 ployment for 38,100 navigators. It appears 

 from this that on board an English or German 

 ship one man represents about three on board 

 a Spanish. To complete this list, Russia, in 

 1863, had 3,333 vessels (the greater half Fin- 

 nish), of 375,000 tons, with 19,400 men. 



EVERETT, EDWARD, D. 0. L., an American 

 statesman, diplomatist, scholar, and author, born 

 in Dorchester, Mass., April 11, 1794, died in 

 Boston, Mass., January 15, 1865. His father, 

 Rev. Oliver Everett, was a distinguished cler- 

 gyman in Boston until 1792, when he resigned 

 his pastoral charge on account of ill health, and 

 passed the remainder of his life in the adjacent 

 village of Dorchester. His son, the subject of 

 this sketch, entered Harvard College in 1807, 

 and was graduated with the highest honors, in 

 a class of remarkable promise, at the early age 

 of seventeen. During his academic course, he 

 displayed the same enthusiastic love of litera- 

 ture, and extraordinary powers of execution, 

 which were among the strongly marked features 

 of his character in after life. At this time, ho 

 was the principal editor of a magazine called 

 the "Harvard Lyceum," conducted by the under 

 graduates, and containing numerous specimens 

 of his classical research, playful humor, and 

 expressive style. Among his contributions to 

 this periodical was a burlesque on Joel Barlow's 

 " Columbiad," which had recently been brought 

 out in a style of typographical pretension that 



