406 



GLASS. 



and is of a green color tinged with yellow; 

 adding 20 parts, the glass worked and annealed 

 as easily, and was of a very dark green, with 

 minute spangles of sesquioxide of chrome visible 

 in it; adding 40 parts of the bichromate, the 

 fusion is much more difficult, and the green 

 glass is filled with extremely brilliant crystals ; 

 while, with 50 parts, the fusion is extremely 

 difficult, the crystals are confused, and the 

 beauty of the glass impaired. The third of the 

 proportions named may be taken as the most 

 desirable : the resulting glass in this case con- 

 tains from 6 to 7 per cent, of oxide of chrome, 

 nearly one-half of it combined with the -glass, 

 and the other half free in form of scales or 

 spangles. 



This glass has been compared for beauty with 

 the Venetian aventurine; and the suggested 

 name for it, of chrome aventurine, M. Pelouze 

 has retained. It is much more easily prepared 

 than the Venetian glass ; and while the last- 

 named is only formed during annealing, the 

 former exists already during fusion. Chrome 

 aventurine sparkles in a strong light, being in 

 this respect surpassed by the diamond alone. 

 Its value is enhanced by its great hardness 

 much exceeding that of the Venetian, and still 

 more that of common glass. Daubr6e has de- 

 tected among its crystals the regular hexagon^ 

 which belongs to the crystalline system of ses- 

 quioxide of chrome ; while many of them closely 

 resemble certain varieties of laminated oligiste 

 iron ore, with which that oxide is isomorphous. 

 The color of the new glass is the 3d yellowish- 

 green, the 13th hue in Chevreul's chromatic 

 circle. Lapidaries who have cut some speci- 

 mens of it agree that it forms an important ac- 

 quisition to their branch of manufacture. 

 Original paper in Comptes Rendus, October 16, 

 1865. 



Restoration of the Stained Glass of Windows. 

 It has long been a question whether the 

 stained glass of windows of old cathedrals 

 could be restored to its original brilliancy. M. 

 E. Chevreul has lately shown that this can be 

 done, having practically demonstrated it in the 

 case of the windows of at least one church edi- 

 fice the famous " St. Germain des Pr6s," of 

 Paris. His process consists in removing the 

 stained glass from the windows, and immersing 

 it first, for several days, in a weak solution of 

 carbonate of soda (sp. gr., 1.068), and next, 

 after having washed it, for several hours in a 

 solution of chlorhydric acid (sp. gr., 1.080). 

 The glass being then washed again and dried, 

 will be found as brilliant and beautiful as when 

 it came from the hands of the manufacturer. 

 The author finds that the dim and dirty appear- 

 ance assumed in time by stained glass is due, 

 especially in large towns, to the collection on 

 the glass first of all of matters like those con- 

 tained in smoke, which adhere to it by the 

 agency of fog and rain, and become oxidized 

 there; these matters thus changed serving in 

 the next place as a cement by which various 

 mineral particles, as those of chalk, gypsum, 



GRAHAM, JAMES D. 



oxide of iron, etc., become attached to the glass, 

 and so further impair its transparency. His 

 theory of the process he proposes is, that the 

 alkali acts on and removes organic matters on 

 the glass, and that the chlorhydric acid com- 

 pletes the removal of the mineral matters. 



References. Part V. of the extensive and 

 very minute experimental researches of Mr. 

 John M. Ordway, published at intervals during 

 some years past, in the Amer. Jour, of Science, 

 nnder the title of " "Water glass," appears in 

 that Journal, for September, 1865. The prac- 

 tical glass-manufacturer will also consult with 

 profit two long articles republished from New- 

 ton's London Journal, of July and September, 

 1864, in the Journal of the Franklin Institute, 

 numbers for December, 1864, and August, 1865, 

 respectively the former by Mr. G. H. Daglish, 

 " On Machinery for the Manufacture of Plate 

 Glass," and the latter by Mr. Kichard Pilking- 

 ton, " On the Processes and Mechanical Appli- 

 ances in the Manufacture of Polished Sheet 

 Glass ; " and also two articles appearing in 

 Le Technologiste, June, 1865, one by M. H. 

 Pohl, on the "Fabrication of Ruby Glass," and 

 the other by M. E. Brescius, on the " Prepara- 

 tion of a Gold-Powder for Gilding Glass and 

 Porcelain." 



GOULD, HANNAH FLAGG, an American poet 

 and author, born in Lancaster, Mass., in 1789, 

 died at Newburyport, Mass., September 7, 1865. 

 The family removed to Newburport in 1800. 

 Her father had been a soldier of the Eevolution, 

 and her mother dying young, Hannah became 

 his constant companion, a fact which accounts, 

 for the patriotism which inspired her earlier 

 verses. In her youthful days she was known, 

 for her vivacity and wit. Her efforts were not 

 marked by the inspiration of genius, or always 1 

 by easy versification; but they were character-' 

 ized by true thought, refined and tender emo- 

 tions, and a pure, calm, healthful, moral tone, 

 which made them favorites, and led to their 

 frequent appearance in print, both at home and 

 abroad. Miss Gould led a quiet life in the 

 homestead where she dwelt for half a century 

 a life which would have been as secluded as it 

 was unostentatious but for her genial hospitality 

 and the many visitors and distinguished authors 

 who sought her acquaintance. Her literary 

 tastes never led her to neglect domestic virtues, 

 or the courtesies of social intercourse. Miss 

 Gould published three volumes of poetry ; one 

 in 1832, a second in 1836, and the third in 1841. 

 In 1846 she published " Gathered Leaves," a 

 collection of prose articles. "The Diosma" 

 appeared in 1850, composed of selections from 

 her previously published poems, and from other 

 authors, with some of her own not previously 

 brought before the public. The " Youth's Cor- 

 onal" was issued in 1851, and "Hymns and 

 Poems for Children" in 1854. She was also a 

 constant contributor to the periodical literature 

 of the day. 



GRAHAM, Col. JAMES DUXOAK, of the 

 United States Topographical Engineers, born in 



