GRAHAM, JAMES D. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



407 



Virginia, in 1795, died in Boston, Mass., De- 

 cember 28, 1865. He entered the Military 

 Academy at West Point in June, 1813, and 

 graduated July 16, 1817, before "class rank" 

 was established. Commissions were then 

 granted only in the artillery service, and he 

 received that of third lieutenant a grade not 

 now recognized. In October, 1817, he was pro- 

 moted second lieutenant, in order that he might 

 be made adjutant of the Military Academy, 

 which position he held until February, 1819, 

 and the following September was promoted 

 first lieutenant. On the reorganization of the 

 army in 1821 he was retained with the same 

 rank, to date from June 1, 1821. He was in 

 the following month transferred from the 

 Fourth artillery, in which he had been serving 

 since his retirement from the post of adjutant 

 of West Point, to the Second, in which he re- 

 mained for several years. It was not until 1829 

 that his specialty was perceived. He was then 

 (January 15, 1829) bre vetted captain, that^he 

 might enter the corps of Topographical Engi- 

 neers, in which he has since remained. Sep- 

 tember 14, 1834, he was brevetted major of 

 Topographical Engineers, and received the full 

 commission in 1838. In 1839-'40 he was as- 

 tronomer of the surveying party which, on the 

 part of the United States, established the boun- 

 dary line between the United States and the 

 then new republic of Texas. In the latter year 

 (1840) he was appointed commissioner for the 

 survey and exploration of the northeast boun- 

 dary of the United States, and was employed 

 along the Maine and New York frontiers until 

 1843. In the same year, within a month after 

 closing his surveys on the northeast boundary, 

 he was ordered to duty as astronomer on the 

 part of the United States for the joint demar- 

 cation of the boundary between the United 

 States and the British provinces, under the 

 treaty of Washington. This work employed 

 him during the whole Mexican war, so that 

 he was unable to take any part in the cam- 

 paigns in that country. On the conclusion 

 of this work, he was brevetted lieutenant 

 colonel, the commission reading, "for valu- 

 able and highly distinguished services, par- 

 ticularly on the boundary line between the 

 United States and the provinces of Canada and 

 New Brunswick." In 1850 Col. Graham was 

 employed for some time by the. States of Mary- 

 land, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, to examine 

 some disputed questions regarding the intersec- 

 tion of the boundary line of those States. He 

 made a thorough survey of the line originally 

 made by Mason and Dixon (and known to this 

 day as " Mason and Dixon's line "), and pub- 

 lished a voluminous report thereon. Though 

 taking no part in the war with Mexico, he was 

 prominently employed in the final settlement 

 of the question resulting from it, and during 

 1851 was United States astronomer in the sur- 

 vey of the boundary line between this country 

 and Mexico. On his return from the Mexican 

 frontier, Col. Graham was ordered to Chicago, 



and placed in charge of the erection of the 

 custom-house at that point; and since 1864 his 

 attention has been turned to improvements 

 along the Atlantic coast. He made a survey 

 of the harbor of Provincetown, and for some 

 months was in charge of the work for the pres- 

 ervation of Boston harbor. 



GREAT BRITAIN, or, THE UNITED KINO- 

 DOM OF GEEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Area, 

 112,406 square miles; population, 29,334,788. 

 Capital, London. Aside from diplomatic ques- 

 tions (for which see DIPLOMATIC CORRESPOND- 

 ENCE) there were a few topics of interest in the 

 relations of Great Britain and the United States 

 in the year 1865. The death of Mr. Cobden 

 on the 2d of April was deeply lamented in the 

 House of Commons, and eulogies pronounced 

 on his character by Lord Palmerston, Mr. Dis- 

 raeli, and Mr. Bright. On the 1st of May Earl 

 Russell, in the House of Lords, and Sir George 

 Grey, in the House of Commons, moved an ad- 

 dress to the Queen expressive of the sorrow 

 and indignation with which the members of 

 each house had heard of the assassination of 

 Mr. Lincoln, which was voted unanimously. 

 On this occasion Earl Russell stated that the 

 Queen had written an autograph letter of con- 

 dolence to Mrs. Lincoln, from " a widow to a 

 widow." Public meetings, expressive of the 

 grief and indignation of the people at the assas- 

 sination, were held in all parts of the United 

 Kingdom, and the sympathy between the two 

 nations, who had for some years been gradually 

 becoming estranged from each other, was to a 

 great extent renewed. The close of the war in 

 the United States led to congratulations from 

 large bodies of citizens of Great Britain, and 

 this with the certainty of the emancipation of 

 the slaves, stimulated emigration from the 

 United Kingdom to the United States to an un- 

 precedented degree. Although this emigration 

 was still as usual in large part from Ireland, 

 the number of emigrants from England was 

 greatly increased, and embraced very many 

 of the better class of working people, who, 

 bringing a moderate amount of money with 

 them, sought homes in a land from which the 

 only objectionable feature had now been re- 

 moved. During the summer and autumn the 

 depredations of the Confederate cruisers, and 

 especially the reception and aid afforded in 

 British colonial ports to the Shenandoah, was a 

 matter of protracted correspondence between 

 Mr. Adams, the U. S. Minister Plenipotentiary, 

 and Earl Russell, the Foreign Secretary. This 

 correspondence was renewed when the Shenan- 

 doah, six months after she was proclaimed a 

 pirate by the United States Government, came 

 into the Mersey and surrendered herself to a 

 British man-of-war. The crew were discharged 

 by order of the British Government, and the 

 vessel given up to the United States authorities. 

 The correspondence was renewed again, when, 

 on the death of Lord Palmerston, Earl Clarendon 

 became Foreign Secretary, and although it as- 

 sumed a somewhat unpleasant tone, yet any 



