426 



HERRING, JOHN F. 



zation, is destined to prove to the other nations 

 that the -descendants of that race are not inferior 

 to the other races disseminated on the face of 

 the globe." 



HERRING, Jonx FREDERIC, an English paint- 

 er, born in Surrey in 1795, died at Tunbridge, 

 Kent, September 23, 1865. His father was a 

 London tradesman, an American by birth. 

 From an early age young Herring displayed a 

 taste for painting, but his juvenile efforts were 

 confined to the filling in of coach panels and 

 shop sign-boards. The first impulse toward 

 that department of art in which he obtained so 

 much success, was given in the enthusiasm with 

 which he witnessed a race for the St. Leger, at 

 Doncaster, to which he went at the age of 

 eighteen in search of employment. For several 

 years after this the laborious occupation of a 

 stage coachman, between Wakefield and Lin- 

 coln, and subsequently between London and 

 York, was varied by assiduous application in 

 the portraiture of the animal he drove ; and so 

 successful was he in this, that at the instigation 

 of friends he was led to devote himself entirely 

 to art, and obtained in a short time a name and 

 reputation in animal painting second to no art- 

 ist in England. For thirty years he took the 

 portraits of the winners of the Doncaster St. 

 Leger, and painted a large number of racers 

 and racing scenes for eminent patrons of the 

 turf. He painted for the Queen some of her 

 favorite horses, and executed similar commis- 

 sions for exalted personages in foreign coun- 

 tries. Mr. Herring's paintings have been ex- 

 ' tensively engraved, and his popularity has been 

 much increased thereby. Among the number 

 may be mentioned u The Members of the Tem- 

 perance Society," "The Baron's Charger," 

 " Feeding," " The Country Bait," a The Farm- 

 er's Pet," " Quietude," " Duncan's Horses," 

 and " Pharaoh's Chariot Horses." 



HESSE. The name of three German States. 

 I. The Electorate of Hesse-Cassel. Elector: 

 Friedrich Wilhelm I., born August 20, 1802, 

 succeeded his father, Wilhelm II., on November 

 20, 1847. The area of the Electorate is 4,430 

 square miles. It is divided into four provinces : 

 Lower Hesse, Upper Hesse, Fulda, and Hanau. 

 The population was, in 1861, 738,476 ; and, in 

 1864, 745,063 ; increase during three years, 

 0.89 per cent. The capital is Cassel, with (1864) 

 40,228 inhabitants. The annual receipts are 

 estimated in the "Budget," for the financial pe- 

 riod from 1864 to 1866, at 5,108,310 thalers; 

 the expenditures at 5,452,980 thalers. 



In no part of Germany has the conflict 

 between the Government and the people been 

 more animated and protracted than in Hesse- 

 Cassel. On December 31, 1864, the Diet, with 

 all votes save two, declared themselves bound 

 by their oaths, in case there should be no im- 

 provement in the public affairs, to protect the 

 country against a further neglect of its wel- 

 fare. 



As the Elector has entered into a morganatic 

 marriage, and his children have therefore no right 



HETHERINGTON, WILLIAM M. 



of succession, the Electorate will after his death 

 fall to a branch line. 



II. The Grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. 

 Grand-duke: Ludwig III., born June 9, 1806, 

 succeeded his father on June 16, 1848. The 

 country is divided into three provinces : Upper 

 Hesse, Starkenburg, and Rhine-Hesse. Area: 

 3,761 square miles. Population in 1861, 856,907; 

 in 1864, 853,315. As to religion, in 1861, 599,- 

 563 were members of the United Evangelical 

 Church; 224,038 Roman Catholics; 28,999 

 Jews; 4,307 members of other denominations. 

 Capital, Darmstadt, 29,225; largest city, Mainz, 

 42,704. Yearly receipts, as estimated in the 

 "Budget" for the financial period from 1863 to 

 1865, 9,292,963 florins; yearly expenditures, 9,- 

 031,835. Surplus, 261,128. Public debt, exclu- 

 sive of railroad debt, about 3,100,000 florins. 

 The regular army consisted, in 1864, of 11,700 

 men. In questions of German politics, the 

 Government of Hesse-Darmstadt went hand-in- 

 hand with Bavaria and Saxony in opposing the 

 policy of Austria and Prussia. 



III. The Landgravate of Hesse-Homburg : 

 Landgrave Ferdinand, born April 26, 1783; 

 succeeded his brother Gustav, on September 8, 

 1848. Area 135 square miles. Population, in 



1864, 27,374, among whom there were 7,412 

 Lutherans ; 4,950 Roman Catholics ; 1,005 

 French Reformed; 694 German Reformed; 

 1,138 Jews. The receipts, in the " Budget " for 



1865, are estimated at 500,520 florins ; the ex- 

 penditures at 441,166 ; expected surplus, 59,354 . 

 florins. The army consists of 366 men. Hesse- 

 Homburg is the only State in Germany which 

 has no constitution ; the one formed in 1848 

 having again been abolished in 1852. After 

 the death of the childless Landgrave, the little 

 country will be united with Hesse-Darmstadt. 



HETHERINGTON, WILLIAM M., D. D., 

 LL. D., a clergyman of the Free Church of 

 Scotland, born in Dumfrieshire, Scotland, died 

 at Glasgow, May 23, 1865. In early life 

 he worked as a gardener both in Scotland 

 and England, which occupation he abandoned 

 in order*to prepare himself for the clerical pro- 

 fession, and this he did so effectually that he 

 became exceedingly popular both as a preacher 

 and a writer. Soon after being licensed to 

 preach the Gospel, he was appointed assistant 

 in Hamilton, to the late Dr. Meek, whose 

 daughter he married. In 1836 he was pre- 

 sented by Lord Torphichen, to the parish of 

 Torphichen, in Linlithgowshire, of which he 

 was minister at the time of the disruption. In 

 1857 when the Assembly came to fill the chair 

 of the Free College of Glasgow, called into ex- 

 istence by the munificence of Dr. Clark, of 

 Wester Moffat, Dr. Hetherington was appointed, 

 on the motion of Dr. Hanna, one of the prot'rs- 

 sors of divinity, which charge he ably filled 

 until laid aside by illness. For two sessions his 

 lectures were read by clerical friends, with the 

 approbation of the college committee ; but there 

 being no hope of ultimate recovery, HM .Wem- 

 bly of 1864 made permanent provision for the 



