446 



JAMAICA. 



when it judged that they might be preiudical to the 

 rights of the crown and the nation. Time and the 

 force ofovents will solve the questions pending be- 

 tween Italy and the Papacy. We must remain faith- 

 ful to the Convention of September, which France 

 will completely carry out within the appointed time. 

 Henceforth it will be easy to wait. The situation 

 has much improved. 



The king then alluded to the good relations 

 existing between Italy and the powers of 

 Europe and North and South America, and 

 spoke of the recognition of Italy by Spain, 

 Bavaria, and Saxony. He then continued : 



The Latin nations, united by fresh ties, are ac- 

 quiring a community of interests and aspirations 

 with the noble people of Germany, thus causing an- 

 cient prejudices and rancors to disappear. Italy 

 will take her place among the great States of Europe, 

 cooperating in the triumph of justice and liberty. 

 Liberty has produced favorable results at home; 

 the administration, public works, the laws, and the 

 army have been assimilated with results which in 

 other countries have required the work of genera- 

 tions. This is a good augury for the future. The 

 ministry will bring forward bills to complete the 

 assimilation of the laws of the kingdom, and others 

 relating to the education of the poorer classes, the 

 improvement of the public credit, and the exe- 

 cution of works of public utility. The principal 

 difficulty is to bring about an equilibrium of the 

 finances without impairing the organization of the 

 military and naval forces. It is painful to me that 

 fresh sacrifices must be asked of my people, but its 

 patriotism will not be found wanting. We shall 

 divide the taxes as equitably as possible, reducing at 

 the same time the public expenses as much as lies in 

 our power. Italy must free herself from the ruins 

 of the past. You will deliberate upon the separation 

 of the Church and State, and the suppression of the 

 religious bodies. Nothing will destroy the national 

 work. A complete change is taking place among the 



E copies of Europe. The future belongs to God. If 

 esh combats should became inevitable, the sons of 

 Italy will rally around me. If the force of civiliza- 

 tion 'prevails, the wisdom of the nation will know 

 how to profH by it in order to maintain intact the 

 rights and the honor of Italy. We must advance 

 frankly in the path of the national policy, and we 

 are certain of your concurrence. Confiding in the 

 affection of my people and the valor of the army, I 

 will not fail in the great work which we must trans- 

 mit complete to our descendants. 



On December 6th the Chamber of Deputies 

 elected Signor Marini, the candidate of the Gov- 

 ernment, to the office of president by 141 votes 

 out of 273 members voting, after two ballots 

 between him and Signor Mordini, the candi- 

 date of the Left. As the ministry found 

 that they would not control, in all important 

 questions, a majority of the House of Deputies, 

 they tendered their resignation, which, as was 

 announced to both Chambers on December 

 21st, was accepted by the king. On the same 

 day the Chamber of Deputies adopted the pro- 



visional budget for 1866, by 173 against 23 votes, 

 with an amendment reducing the period of its 

 application from three to two months. It also 

 approved the proposal of Signor Mancini for a 

 Parliamentary inquiry into the public adminis- 

 tration. Full information concerning its relations 

 to Eome and Austria was communicated by the 

 Government to the Chamber of Deputies on 

 December 12th, by presenting to them the in- 

 structions given to the Italian authorities on 

 the Koman question. According to these in- 

 structions all attempts to violate the present 

 frontier are to be prevented. There being but 

 little probability of a good understanding pre- 

 vailing between the Italian and Papal troops, 

 all idea of acting in concert with the latter in 

 order to combine operations against brigandage 

 is to be abandoned ; nevertheless, mutual infor- 

 mation can be given with a view to suppressing 

 the brigands and tracing their crimes. A cir- 

 cular, dated November 25th, was also laid upon 

 the table of the Chamber of Deputies, addressed 

 to the Italian agents abroad, in which are set 

 forth the difficulties existing as to the renewal 

 of diplomatic and commercial relations with 

 Austria in consequence of the Venetian ques- 

 tion. There would only remain for Austria 

 and Italy to negotiate informally, thereby en- 

 gaging the policy of the two Governments 

 solely with regard to the improvement of their 

 commercial relations, but thus far Austria had 

 not taken up that ground. This document 

 tlso mentions certain steps lately made by the 

 Venetian authorities for the renewal of com- 

 mercial relations only with some of the Italian 

 provinces, to which the Italian Minister had 

 replied by declaring that no difference of cus- 

 tom-house system could be made between the 

 provinces incorporated with the kingdom by 

 the treaty of Zurich and those incorporated by 

 the Plebiscite. The kingdom of Italy was for- 

 mally recognized by Spain in July, and by 

 Saxony and Bavaria in November. All the 

 States of Europe and America have now recog- 

 nized the new kingdom except the Pope, Aus- 

 tria, and a few of the minor German States. 



The withdrawal of the first of the French 

 troops from Rome began in November, 1865, 

 and the French Government repeated its inten- 

 tion of carrying out the September Convention 

 concerning the evacuation of Rome. It offered, 

 at the same time, its services to the Pope for the 

 reorganization of the Papal army. The Italian 

 Government gave new assurances of its deter- 

 mination not to attack the Papal territory, and 

 not to allow any volunteers to enter it with 

 hostile intentions. 



JAMAICA, one of the Great Antilles, and 

 the principal of the British West India Islands 

 in the Caribbean Sea, between lat. 17 40' and 

 18' 30' N. and Ion. 76 15' and 78 25' W., about 



90 miles south of Cuba. The island is divided 



into three counties, Middlesex, Surrey, and 



Cornwall, and has an area of 6,400 square miles. 



At the last census of Jamaica, in May, 1861, 



