NORTH CAROLINA. 



623 



symbols, if not also in the new names, to be 

 employed. 



Sources of Information. In the preparation 

 of this article, besides the account of the lecture 

 and discussions above referred to ( Chem. News, 

 December 24, 1864, and January 27, 1865), the 

 lecture of Prof. Hofmann in the same journal 

 (February 10, 1865), and certain articles in the 

 Philost. Magazine, 1864-'65, recourse has been 

 chiefly had for facts and illustrations the lan- 

 guage of such authorities being also in certain 

 parts adopted to the following sources: Two 

 series of papers by Prof. Adolphe Wurtz, en- 

 titled, " An Introduction to Chemical Philoso- 

 phy, according to the Modern Theories," and 

 appearing in the Chemical News the first, 

 January 27 to June 16, 1865, and the second, 

 January 19 to February 23, 1866 ; Prof. T. S. 

 Hunt's paper, " On the Theory of Types in 

 Chemistry" (Chem. News, March 17-24, 1865, 

 reprinted from the American Jour, of Science, 

 March, 1861); Dr. C. M. Wetherill's paper in 

 the Smithsonian Report, 1863, entitled, U A 

 Brief Sketch of the Modern Theory of Chem- 

 ical Types ; " and Prof. A. "W. Hofinann's In- 

 troduction to Modern Chemistry, etc., London, 

 1865. 



NORTH CAROLINA. The civil aspect of 

 affairs in North Carolina was unchanged at the 

 commencement of the year.' The authorities 

 presented a bold and confident aspect, and were 

 unremitting in their efforts to stimulate the 

 people. "I trust and believe," said Governor 

 Vance in a proclamation to the people, " that 

 there will be little difference of opinion in 

 North Carolina, as to the propriety of contin- 

 ued resistance. The great argument which 

 will be brought forward to shake your honor, 

 and intended to excite you to despair, will be 

 that successful resistance is no longer possible. 

 Some will tell you that we are already sub- 

 dued ; that the enemy outnumbers us ; that our 

 fighting men are all slain ; our resources all ex- 

 hausted, and we might as well submit now. 

 This, my countrymen, is false, and as frequently 

 proceeds from a craven or a traitorous as from 

 an honest but mistaken spirit." As an evi- 

 dence of strength to carry on the war, although 

 it equally proved an indisposition to continue 

 hostilities, the Governor further said : " Over 

 four hundred thousand names yet stand upon 

 the muster-rolls of the Confederacy, to say 

 nothing of the many thousands who shirk. 

 Where are they ? Thousands upon thousands, 

 absent without leave, are lurking in the woods 

 and swamps of the South ; hundreds of thou- 

 sands of bushels of grain now rot at the various 

 depots of the South for want of transportation, 

 and this transportation cannot be protected be- 

 cause these absent soldiers are not at the post 

 of duty." After the advance of General Sher- 

 man from Savannah had commenced, the Gov- 

 ernor found it necessary to appeal again to the 

 people to contribute for the support of General 

 Lee's forces, as the interruption of railroad com- 

 munication greatly endangered then' subsist- 



ence. At this time he proposed that each ono 

 should set apart a certain portion of his stores 

 to be delivered at intervals to the nearest com- 

 missary agent. The military operations, how- 

 ever, which are related elsewhere (see AKMY OP- 

 ERATIONS), soon exhibited the Federal strength 

 so overwhelming and irresistible as to convince 

 the most reluctant that the hour of submission 

 was near at hand. The fall of Wilmington, 

 the arrival of Sherman at Goldsboro', the sur- 

 render of Lee, followed soon after by that of 

 Johnston, extinguished both the power and the 

 disposition of the State to make further resist- 

 ance. For the preservation of order until the 

 will of the military commanders should be made 

 known, Governor Vance now issued the fol- 

 lowing proclamation : 



STATE OP NOBTH CAROLINA, EXECUTIVE DEPAKTMENT, \ 

 GREENSBORO', April 28, 18fi5. f 



Whereas, By the recent surrender of the principal 

 armies of the Confederate States, further resistance 

 to the forces of the United States has become vain, 

 and would result in useless waste of blood ; and, 



Whereas, All the natural disorders attendant upon 

 the disbanding of large armies are upon us, and the 

 country is filled with numerous bands of citizens and 

 soldiers disposed to do violence te persons and 

 property : 



Now, therefore, I, Zebulon D. Vance, Governor of 

 the State of North Carolina, in the sincere hope of 

 averting some of the many evils which threaten us, 

 do issue this my proclamation, commanding all such 

 persons to abstain from any and all acts of lawless- 

 ness ; to avoid assembling together in crowds in all 

 towns and cities, or doing any thing whatsoever cal- 

 culated to cause excitement, and earnestly appealing 

 to all good citizens who are now at home, to remain 

 there, and to all soldiers of this State to retire qui- 

 etly to their homes, and exert themselves in preserv- 

 ing order, should it become necessary for the pro- 

 tection of citizens. I also appeal to the good and 

 true soldiers of North Carolina, whether they have 

 been surrendered and paroled, or otherwise, to unite 

 themselves together in sufficient numbers, in the 

 various counties of the State, under the superintend- 

 ence of the civil magistrates thereof, to elect or stay 

 any bodies of lawless or unprincipled men who may 

 be committing depredations upon the persons or 

 property of peaceable citizens, assuring them that it 

 will be no violation of the parole to do so ; and I 

 would assure my fellow-citizens, generally, that un- 

 der God I will do all that may be in my power, to 

 settle the government of the State, to restore tho 

 civil authority in her borders, and to further the 

 great ends of peace, domestic tranquillity, and the 

 general welfare of the people. Without their aid I 

 am powerless to do any thing. 

 By the Governor, 



M. McPnETORS, Private Secretary. 



On the next day Gen. Schofield, then Federal 

 commander in the State, announced in the follow- 

 ing order the policy which he proposed to pursue : 

 General Orders No. 81. 



HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA, ) 

 ARMY or THE OHIO, RALEIGH, N. C., April 29, 1S65. j 



The Commanding General has great satisfaction in 

 announcing to the army and people of North Caro- 

 lina that hostilities within this State have definitely 

 ceased ; that for us war is ended, and it is hoped th;it 

 peace will socn be restored throughout the country. 



It is now the duty of all to cultivate friendly rela- 

 tions with the same zeal which has characterized our 

 conduct of the war, that the blessings of union, 

 peace, and material prosperity may be speedily re- 

 stored to the entire country. 



