686 



OLDENBURG. 



OREGON. 



of habeas corpus since the termination of the war, and 

 when all pretence of necessity is passed, the denial 

 of the right of trial by jury, and the trial of citizens 

 not in the military service by military commissions, 

 and the open interference with elections by military 

 power, as in the recent instances in Kentucky and 

 Tennessee, are revolutionary violations of the Con- 

 stitution, threatening tfie very existence of our most 

 ancient and sacred rights ; that they portend a 

 danger to the liberties of the country greater than 

 has ever before menaced them, and which it is the 

 duty of all good citizens to meet with the most de- 

 termined opposition and most sleepless vigilance. 



Resolved, That while we will resolutely and per- 

 sistently condemn all infractions of the Constitution, 

 by whomsoever committed, while we regret that the 

 terms of pacification agreed to by Maj.-Gen. Sher- 

 man, in April last, were not at once ratified by the 

 Federal Executive, we will nevertheless stand by 

 President Johnson in all constitutional efforts to 

 restore the States to the exercise of their rights and 

 power within the Union. 



The election took place on the 10th of Octo- 

 ber, and resulted in the success of the Republi- 

 can ticket. The number of votes received by 

 Gen. Cox, Republican, was 223,633, which gave 

 him a majority of 29,936 over his opponent, 

 George W. Morgan. 



Gen. Cox, in a letter published in July, after 

 his nomination, had expressed himself as strong- 

 ly opposed to negro suffrage. In his inaugural 

 address to the Legislature on the 8th of Janu- 

 ary, 1866, speaking on the subject of recon- 

 struction, he said : 



It is in the excitement of a great struggle that the 

 institutions of a country are in the most danger of 

 change, and perhaps no nation has ever passed 

 through such a convulsion as ours and then returned 

 to the principles of government and exact form of 

 constitution which it had before. The maxim that 

 revolutions do not go backward, has seemed to have 

 even a wider and deeper significance than has been 

 popularly given to it. The same law of progression 

 which has made the convulsions of monarchical gov- 

 ernments tend toward the development of popular 

 liberty, has in republics too often led to a despotism 

 of classes or of factions, and thence by easy stages 

 to anarchy and utter disruption. A victorious ma- 

 jority, flushed with its triumph, finds it easy to for- 

 get the rights of minorities; and it remains for us to 

 prove whether, in our day, the old cry of " Woe to 

 the conquered" may be silenced by a truly repub- 

 lican determination to administer the Government 

 for the real advantage of all of the defeated rebels 

 as well as of the loyal victors. 



OLDENBURG, a grand duchy in Germany. 

 Reigning Grand Duke, Peter I., born July 8, 

 1827; succeeded his father, February 27, 1853. 

 Heir apparent, Prince Friedrich August, born 

 November 16, 1852. According to the Consti- 

 tution of 1849 (revised 1852), the legislative 

 power is exercised by a Landtag or Diet, 

 elected for three years by all tax-paying citi- 

 zens. The mode of election is indirect, every 

 300 voters choosing a delegate, and the dele- 

 gates of 20 districts, representing 6,000 electors, 

 appointing one deputy. In the "Budget" for 

 1865 the receipts were estimated at 2,254,060, 

 and tho expenditures at 2,347,860 thalers. The 

 public debt amounted, in December, 1864, to 

 4,153,500 thalers. The army consists of 4,007 

 men. The area of the grand duchy embraces 

 2,417 square miles, with a population, accord- 



ing to the census of 1804, of 301,812 souls (in 

 1861, 295,242) ; of whom 198,122 were Lu- 

 therans, 72,987 Roman Catholics, 27,987 mem- 

 bers of the Evangelical Church, 1,196 Reformed, 

 1,576 Jews. The movement of shipping was, 

 in 1863, as follows: 



The commercial navy consisted, in 1864, of 

 650 vessels, of a total burden of 33,339 lasts. 



OREGON. An extra session of the Legis- 

 lature was held at Salem in December, 1865, 

 principally for the purpose of ratifying the anti- 

 slavery amendment to the Constitution. Tho 

 Republicans having a majority in both branches, 

 this was done on the 1 1th of the month, and the 

 Legislature soon after adjourned. As State of- 

 ficers and members of the Legislature and of 

 Congress are chosen biennially and quadren- 

 nially in the even years, no election of any kind 

 took place in Oregon in 1865. The next session 

 of the Legislature will be held in September, 

 1866, and the next general election will take 

 place in June of the same year. 



The progress of Oregon, though compar- 

 atively less rapid than that of some of tho 

 neighboring States and Territories, to which 

 rich discoveries of the precious metals have at- 

 tracted a large mining population, has perhaps 

 been more steady and sure. Her population 

 has risen from 52,465 in 1860, to somewhat 

 over 70,000 hi 1865, and the agricultural re- 

 sources of the State ar.e being developed in a 

 very satisfactory manner. The Oregon Navi- 

 gation Company, organized in 1861 to open the 

 navigation of the Columbia River and its 

 branches, which drain a country of enormous 

 extent, have now over twenty steamboats run- 

 ning, and by means of short railroads built 

 around the Cascades and the Dalles, and wagon 

 roads from the Dalles, from Umatilla, and from 

 Wallula, have established the cheapest and 

 quickest route for travel or freight from all 

 parts of the coast to the rich mines of Boise 

 and Owyhee in Idaho. Between 1861 and 1865 

 their boats carried to the upper Columbia up- 

 wards of 65,000 tons of freight and 100,000 

 passengers. Measures are now in progress to 

 push their communications, by means of the 

 navigation of the Snake River, into the heart 

 of the Idaho gold region, and on beyond toward 

 Utah. These improvements, when perfected, 

 will open a much more ready means of access 

 to the State from the Mississippi valley than is 

 now available, and will greatly promote emi- 

 gration. In the southern and eastern parts of 

 the State deposits of gold of considerable rich- 

 ness have of late years been worked with suc- 

 cess, but its chief source of wealth for the pres- 

 ent will probably be found in its forests and 

 fields. The former produce a red fir of great 



