GEPGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS (1888-'89). 



East Indies, 440 ; in India, 440 ; Ceylon, 441 ; 

 its pearl-fisheries, 441; in Africa, 441; ex- 

 ploration of the White Nile, 441 ; expedition 

 of Speke and Grant, 442, 443 ; explorations in 

 Nubia and Abyssinia, 443 ; Tripoli, 444 ; Tu- 

 nis, 444; Senegambia, 444 ; in Upper and Low- 

 er Guinea, 444; river Ogo-Wai, 444; Mada- 

 gascar, 445; in Australasia, 445; New Zea- 

 land, 446 ; New Caledonia, 446 ; Fife Islands, 

 446; mortality among contributors to geo- 

 graphical science, 446. 



IV. British America, 394 ; survey of Van- 

 couver's Island, 394 ; survey of California, 

 395 ; Mexico, 395 ; experiments on the salt- 

 ness of the ocean, 395; routes proposed for 

 interoceanic canals, 396 ; exploration of the 

 Orinoco, 396 ; province of Loreto, 396 ; height 

 of Bolivian Andes, 396 ; explorations in Brazil, 

 397 ; Argentine Confederation, 397 ; passes of 

 the Andes, 397 ; Chili, 398 ; physical and sta- 

 tistical charts of Austria, 398 ; geography of 

 Switzerland, 398; surveys of Great Britain, 

 399 ; Russia, 399 ; Palatine Hill at Rome, 399 ; 

 Dead Sea, 399 ; river Jordan, 399 ; states of 

 Arabia, 400 ; explorations in Bokhara, Khiva, 

 and Herat, 401 ; river Irtish, 402 ; Eastern Si- 

 beria, 402; Amoor River, 402; China, 402; 

 Formosa, 403 ; Oceanica, 403 ; New Zealand, 

 403 ; South Africa, 403 ; Upper Nubia, 404 ; 

 Abyssinia, 404 ; Niger River, 404. 



V. Number of publications, 378 ; explora- 

 tions in the arctic regions, 379 ; in British 

 America, 379 ; California, 379 ; Mexico, 379 ; 

 Central America, 380; New Granada, 380; 

 Costa Rica, 380 ; Brazil, 380, 381 ; Argentine 

 Confederation, 382 ; Chili, 382 ; Bolivia, 382 ; 

 Atlantic Ocean, 383 ; Sea of Sargasso, 383 ; 

 topographical survey of France, 884 ; new maps 

 of Switzerland, 384; Amsterdam Canal, 384; 

 coast of Jutland, 384 ; Sweden, Norway, and 

 Finland, 384; Spitzbergen, 384; measurement 

 of an arc of meridian across Europe, 384 ; ex- 

 ploration of Lake Ladoga, 384 ; Northern Rus- 

 sia, 385; the Alps, 385; Montenegro, 385; 

 Crete or Candia, 385, 386 ; the ^Egean Sea, 

 386; Bosnia, 386; Pompeii, 386; chartogra- 

 phyin Europe, 386; the Wahatite kingdom, 

 886 ; kingdom of Disteel Shomer, 387; North- 

 ern Arabia, 387; Syria and Palestine, 387; 

 the Caucasian provinces, 387, 388 ; Toorkistan, 

 388; India, 389; Egypt, 389; the sources of 

 the Nile, 380 ; Western Africa, 390 ; Australia, 

 390. 



VI. In 1866 : Progress of geographical sci- 

 ence, 338 ; facts appertaining to general geog- 

 raphy, 338 ; distribution of vegetation of the 

 earth, 338; temperature and gravity of the 

 principal oceans and seas, 339 ; Arctic Ameri- 

 ca, 339; United States, 340; Mexico, 341; 

 Central America, 342 ; South America, 343 ; 

 Peru and Bolivia, 343 ; Brazil, 343 ; river 

 Purus, 344 ; Rio San Francisco, 845 ; Buenos 

 Ayres, 345; Chili, 845; Atlantic Ocean and 

 its islands, 346 ; Great Britain, 847 ; France, 

 347; Austrian Alps, 348; Persia, 348; Sibe- 

 ria, 349 ; Japan, 349 ; Siam, 349 ; Africa, 349. 



VII. General view, 848 ; polar regions, 

 349; British America, 851; United States, 

 851; Central America, 352; South America, 

 352; Brazil, 353; Europe, 355; Asia, 356; 

 Africa, 358 ; Australia, 361. 



VIII. Limited results of the yc$r, 291 ; 

 death of explorers, 291 ; explorations in the 

 arctic region, 292 ; Swedish expedition, 292 ; 

 German expedition, 292; Captain Hall, 292; 

 exploration of Greenland, 293 ; do. of Iceland, 

 293; Alaska, 293; coast of Labrador, 293; 

 British Columbia, 294; United States, 294; 

 the "Western region, 295 ; Lower California, 

 295 ; mountain elevations in Mexico and Cen- 

 tral America, 296 ; railroad explorations from 

 Lake Nicaragua to the Atlantic Ocean, 297 ; 

 explorations of the Balize River, 297; rain 

 record of Hayti, 297 ; population and trade of 

 South American states, 297 ; gold-fields of 

 Venezuela, 298 ; statistics of Brazil, 298 ; sci- 

 entific excursion from Curico in Chili, 298; 

 railway from Cordova to Jujuy, 298 ; Bollaert's 

 explorations in Southern Peru, 299 ; earth- 

 quakes in South America, 299; statistics of 

 Europe, 299, 300; do. of Asia, 301, 302; ex- 

 plorations in China, the East-Indian Archipela- 

 go, Africa, Australia, etc., 303, 304. 



IX. In 1869: General aspect, 286; mar- 

 tyrs to geographical science, 287; rumors of 

 the death of Dr. Livingstone, 287 ; explorations 

 of C. F. Hall in the arctic region, "287 ; arctic 

 explorations of Dr. Hays, 287 ; the routes to 

 the north-pole, 288; Swedish expeditions, 

 288; expedition under Dr. Petermann, 288; 

 expeditions of Rosenthal, 288 ; expedition of 

 Lament, 289; the Palliser expedition, 289; 

 exploration of the Obi and ^(pnisei Rivers, 

 289 ; expedition to Siberia, 289 ; the fauna of 

 Greenland, 289; British America, 290; ex- 

 ploration of the Queen Charlotte Islands, 290; 



