GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS (1869-'72). 



207 



United States, 290 ; exploration of the Rio 

 Colorado, 291 ; Arizona and New Mexico, 292 ; 

 valleys of the Missouri and Mississippi, 292 ; 

 table of the annual precipitation of rain at sev- 

 eral stations in North America, 292 ; table of 

 temperature at several stations in North Amer- 

 ica, 293; Indian mounds in the Mississippi 

 Valley, 293 ; latitude and longitude of princi- 

 pal cities in the United States, and difference 

 in time from Greenwich, 294 ; Mexico, 294 ; 

 Central America, 294; West Indies, 294; 

 South America, 294 ; Venezuela, 295 ; Brazil, 

 295; Patagonia, 295; Chili, 296; Paraguay, 

 296 ; Peru, 296 ; warm currents in the north- 

 ern Atlantic Ocean, 296 ; Europe, 297 ; meas- 

 urements of Mount ^Etna, 297 ; survey of Lake 

 Ladoga, 297; European Turkey, 297; Asia, 

 297; Palestine, 297 ; Turkey in Asia, 298 ; ex- 

 plorations of Prof. Pumpelly, 298 ; explora- 

 tions of the French expedition up the Me- 

 Kong River, 298; Australasia, 299; Africa, 

 299. 



X. In 1870: Effect of the European war 

 on, 317; in general, 317-319 ; death of geog- 

 raphers, 318 ; geographical works, 318 ; arctio 

 and antarctic regions, 319 ; various expeditions, 

 319 ; voyage of the Germania, 319 ; loss of 

 the Hansa, 320 ; sufferings of crew, 320 ; ar- 

 rival home, 321; "Merrill's Four Voyages" 

 to the antarctic region and the London Geo- 

 graphical Scciety, 321 ; Iceland, 322 ; North 

 American Continent, 322; British America, 

 322; United States, 322; disco very of cave in 

 Iowa, 322; explorations west of the Mississip- 

 pi, 323 ; Yellowstone River expedition in Mon- 

 tana, 323 ; Yellowstone lake region, 323 ; 

 geysers, 324; descent of Colorado River by 

 Powell, 324 ; Mexico, 325 ; Central America, 

 325 ; Morelet's travels in Guatemala, 325 ; rail- 

 road through Honduras, 325 ; interoceanic com- 

 munication, 325 ; Nicaragua route, 326 ; Dari- 

 cn Canal, 326 ; Tehuantepec route, 326 ; South 

 America, 326 ; Myers's travels in Venezuela 

 and Ecuador, 326 ; British Guiana, 327 ; Peru- 

 vian explorations of the Amazon, 327; Prof. 

 Hartt in Brazil, 327 ; Araucanian troubles, 328 ; 

 Europe, 328 ; completion of Mont Cenis Tun- 

 nel, 328 ; nationalities of Turkey, 328 ; Greeks, 

 328 ; Asia, 328 ; discovery of " Moabite stone " 

 in Palestine, 328 ; explorations in Eastern 

 Toorkistan, 329; exploration of the Panier 

 Steppe, 329 ; Africa, 330 ; attempt of Sir Sam- 

 nel Baker to sail down the White Nile, 330 ; 



diamond discoveries in South Africa, 330 ; Aus- 

 tralasia, 330 ; West Australia, 330 ; South 

 Australia, 330 ; Papua or New Guinea, 330. 



XI. The general field in 1871, 333 ; death of 

 eminent geographers, 333, 334; paper of Dr. 

 Carpenter on ocean-currents, 334 ; Hassler ex- 

 pedition, 334; soundings in English Channel, 

 334; ocean-soundings, 334; arctic explorations, 

 334-336 ; expedition of Germania and Hansa, 

 334, 335 ; expedition of Lieutenants Peyer and 

 Weyprecht, 335; Swedish expedition, 335; 

 Russian, 335, 336 ; of Captain Hall, 336; Ger- 

 man exploration of Baltic Sea, 336; account 

 of Mount Hecla, 336; British America, 336, 

 337; Newfoundland, 336; British Columbia, 

 337 ; Manitoba, 337 ; United States, 337-340 ; 

 Appalachian range, 338 ; cave at Hannibal, Mo., 

 338 ; Dakota, 338, 339 ; Montana, 338 ; expe- 

 dition of Prof. Marsh to the Plains, 338, 339 ; 

 Major Powell's expedition to Colorado, 339 ; 

 California, 339, 340; Mexico, 340; Central 

 America, 340 ; West Indies, 341 ; South Amer- 

 ica, 341-343 ; water-fall in Guiana, 341 ; Peru, 

 341 ; Bolivia, 341 ; Argentine Republic, 341, 

 842 ; Chili, height of mountains, 342 ; Patago- 

 nia, 342, 343; Europe, 343; Asia, 343-345; 

 Palestine, 343, 344; Eastern Toorkistan, 344; 

 latitude, longitude, and elevation of important 

 points, 344, 345 ; Mantchooria, 345 ; Australia, 

 346 ; Polynesia, 346 ; New Caledonia, 346. 



XII. General review of the work done in 

 1872, 330 ; great advance in chartography, 330 ; 

 death of eminent geographers, 330 ; list of pub- 

 lications during the year, 330, 331 ; investiga- 

 tions of Dr. Carpenter relative to oceanic cur- 

 rents, 331. I. Arctic Explorations and Discov- 

 eries. General failure of polar expeditions, 

 331 ; public and private expeditions in 1872, 

 332; Captain Hall's expedition, 332; discov- 

 ery of a house not inhabited for 275 years, 

 332 ; important discovery of northern lands by 

 Captain Nils Jansen, 332 ; the Hassler expe- 

 dition, 333 ; work of the Coast Survey, 333. 

 II. North America, 333 ; climate, temperature, 

 and productions of west coast of Hudson's Bay, 

 334 ; geographical activity in the United States, 

 334; completion of Asher & Adams's Topo- 

 graphical, Commercial, and Statistical Atlas 

 and Gazetteer of the United States, 334; char- 

 acter of the work, 334; completion of the 

 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 335 ; project of 

 a ship-canal across the peninsula of Florida, 

 335 ; geological surveys in the Ohio and Mis- 



