i:o 



tht be could no* iwonr Q"^ B. Company for an I 1. the Tiyanircr. i ' ipt-iin Kllr.d. in the 



mfafy canted by Ml accident U> which the n< . indie-, ami. h.mni: r.vaptured from her twenty 



of A. Company's driver lVl '- s previously taken I'niin a Spanish vessel, sold 



... ;.! 



This rule has 1 



courts of Pennsylvania and one 

 or two other States only, bat has recently been re- 



thcm tn planters in tin- colonv nl' Virginia. The 

 Treasurer was owned liv tin- Karl of Warwick and 

 .!!, and had IN-CII >.-nt out by the 



Tfca rule thaTnegtigeoce of a parent or guardian in carl with an old c<iiumi-.-in from the Duke of Savoy 



permitting an in 1 .-boozing her I" sci/.,- Spaniard! as lawful prize. 



ifant so as to bar its right of The twenty negroes were a part of ltx> African.- whom 



fur injury resulting therefrom has been followed the Treasurer found in a Bpaokfa vessel. The I hitch 



" man -of-war was not engaged in the slave trade, but, 



m New Yo'rfc.' MaMchuaelU. Illinois, Indiana, Nc- 

 braakl. and California, but repudiated in Pennsylvania, 



V, : ' C f. .- i \ . .:. . 



A matter H liable for the negligent acts of his ser- 

 vants in the course of their employment. II.- is nut 

 responsible for any such act with respect t.i matters 

 unconnected with the general business in which they 



The general rule in England, as well as in America. 

 ha* been that a master is not liable to a sen ant fur in 

 juries received by reason of the negligence of a lei- 

 low-servant. In the cane of one sen-ant being put in 

 command of others the Knglbdi e.nirt>. as well as lh<>-' 

 of some of the I'nit.-d States, have held that the 

 master was not liable fur injury to a fellow-servant re- 

 salting from his negligence. In the II. S. courts and 

 the great majoritv of the State courts the contrary rule 

 has been followed. (T. a.) 



I'-ir anthropalogica] treatment of thi- 



reader is referred to the I 

 <'i-"i'.*i>iA BIUTANMCA. The present 



vvii 



-..- -. . 



ABU L). * rticle confined to the " Negro Race 



in America : its history, present condi- 

 tion, and future prospects." 



In the year 1 ."><;.". I>on Pedro do Mem-ndi'z, the 



1 - ill n tu* it 1 *i ii^4i^;iM in i i n .^i ii * \ i i t i ii:, Lfiii , 



slinrt nf iir.ivi-iuns. exi-haiiL-ed the raoaptond 

 Africans for food. The l>nteh introduced slaves into 

 Manhattan lN.\v ^ ..rk) in lil'J"); and the first lot 

 landed in the Eastern colonies was brought 

 clmsett.s in the ship Desire, CajiL IViree. l-'.-h. u'''i, 



38. 



In 1631 an African Company was chartered for 

 thirty-one years to trade on the eoa>t of (iuinca be- 

 tweeii Cape Blanco and the Cape of (lood Hope: and 

 nil other persons and traders were strictly prohibited 

 from trespassing upon the exclusive rights of the pat 

 entees. The Lnglish colonies in the \\ <>( Indies and 

 America were now to be supplied with African slaves; 

 and in order to facilitate its business of stealing' Atri 

 cans the company erected forts and factories on the 

 coast of Guinea at great expense. 



In li'.f.-j Charles II. {.'ranted letters of incorporation 

 for an African Company with exclusive rights ; and it 

 undertook to supply the British West Indies with 



African slaves annually. The kinp's brother, the 



Duke of York, and other t'entlemcn of quality, be- 

 came eiithnsia>tic nienilicrs of the company. In 1672 

 the company surrendcn -d il- charter to the 



crown. 



- - . 



when the " lloyal African Company was incorporated 



founder of a Spanish colony at St. Augustine, Florida, upon a joint stock. This company included among 



introduced the first African .-laves into territory suli its members the kinir. the Duke 01 York, and other 

 sequent!} 1 included in the I'nited States of America, j persons of rank ana qualify. It- capital stock was 



But priortothisSir.Ii.hu Hawkins, in (K-toK-r. 1 ."<(!_'. 111.000 Sterling, and the urant embraced the terri- 



organised the first expedition of Knuli-h s]>eakiiii.' t.u-y ln-tween Port Sallcc. in South Harbary, to the 



people to engage in the African slave trade. Assoei Cape of (lood llojie. li <lid a thrivin.ir business fora 



afced with him in this ignoble entcnirist! were Sir while; but by the "Declaration of llipht" in 1688, 



Lionel Ducket, Sir ^Thomas IAM^C. tL (innston, his with other royal companies, it was compelled to sur- 



fathc-r in law. Sir William Winter. M. Hmnlield, and render its charter. However, in the following year it 



about 100 men as well able to fiirht as to |>erfonu the entered into a contract to supply the Spanish West 



functions of sailors. The expedition went forward in Indies with slaves from Jamaica. Bv the close of the 



three Teasels: the Salomon, rjo tons burthen; the seventeenth century Brazil and the West Indio had 



Swallow, 100 tons; the .li.nas. a bark of forty tons, been well stocked with African slaves, anil tlie British 



Hawkins landed his expedition at Tauarin. on the colonies in America wen- i-\ehaiiL r ini. r rum and fish for 



coast of Guinea, and by sword and torch .-.-cured ;;m slaves in the Spanish-American colonies or importing 



African captives, whom he- subscqnentlv bartered in them direct from the west coast of Africa. 



11' I ..t i> T i 11 > \ ' i i .1 il ^ i .1 i fa<i* 



Hispaniola at the ports of NaU'lla, Porto'de Plata, and 

 Monte Chruto. In exchange for his living chattel.- he 

 receired from the Spaniards sugar, gimrer, hides, 

 pearla, etc. 



Hawkins performed two other voyages as an im- 

 porter of slaves, voyages characterized by great cruel 

 ties to the African villages he. set upon and burned, 

 and many of whose inhabitant- he slew with the 

 word or Dore awa\ int. i captivity. I- i .-lave 



royage wa I.-LMIII .m the 1-th day of (ldol~ i 

 and the expedition w . I ,,f the same vessels 



With til-- .\.,|,l|..ll of tli \\liii-e pi. i 



61W by the Jesus, of l.nU-ek, 7uo t,,,,., burthen. The 

 thirl voyage was beguii on <),-(. i;. I;,I,T. and, after 

 many hardship* and p rils, . nd.-d .Ian. j 

 the ibrea secunil by tl,.- thi,-,- -l.ne hiintim: i 



Convinced as to the value of African slaves in its 

 N'orth American colonies, the British government be- 

 gan to take official notice of the 8kve-tta<lr and inaug- 

 urated _ the eighteenth century by encouraging the 

 traffic in human flesh. In ITo'J "her most gracious 

 majesty," Queen Anne, in a letter of instructions to 

 her colonial governors, directed that her subjects "take 

 ie| especial care that God Almighty be devoutly and duly 

 -, ed," and that the " Koyiii African Company of 

 England " "take especial care that the siid province 

 may ha\e a conMaiit and a sufficient supply of mer- 

 chantable negroes at moderate rates." I laviiiL.' opened 

 up the slaM- trade in North \meriea the English now 

 proposed to l.-\y a tax upon all slave- impnried into 

 British colonies. On April Is. IToT, the' Board of 



Trade, in a circular letter to t 



. 

 the 



John Hawkins 1 : : -,.,1 of in the colonies, urir.-d that a liuht tax upon slaves was the 



northern ports of ih.- Spanish American colon I means tor " the well supplying of the plantations 



rim. m . nis of ih inoreai and the eoloowa witb h sufleiflnt number of negroes at 



log nuneand now i| theseas.had rca-onahle prices." The board maintained that the 



orders to its colonial governor- to exclude all chief point to !>.- aonsidered was that it was "abso- 

 lutely neevwsary that a trade HI bcn.-licial to the king- 

 liould be carried on to the creates! advantage." 

 Sliniulat'-d I llic British go\.-i nmcnt and by the 



British ^hi| fniin ih.-ir (nirts Notwithstanding 

 Official op|~ Akins found the- Spaniard- 



to purchase his stolen Africans; and thu- did an 

 Vgynaasn open up the nUve-lrade between Africa 

 and America. 

 In August, 1619, a Dutch man-of-war fell in with an 



rivalry 

 Dutch 



..f the Portuguese. SpaM-h. Trench, and 

 adventurers, Uie slave-trade grew to enor- 



mous proportions. Between the years 1679 and 



