18 



rat ordained in 



M I KoMM -NKI \ 11. 1. 1. 



-od to preach in Is: 1 1 II 



ik of 



he had devoted himself. 

 it*l succew in 



i...., i in i . ., Virginia in 

 He was appointed 



iral theology in the seminary founded 

 and without ai-ecpling 



the chair delivered Ift .- to the students. He died 

 at K.. Dr. It. 



f. . r . i-.:. i I. - /,' in > r and pnbfishi -i 



, I/ - i 1 : I , -\ .-:- -A . ' ki, .Mil t-> 



hymns bearing his i 



M!l Kii\|\l, M..--MI MI (177S-1-".-). airman 

 composer, was born in Salzburg. July In. 177- II- 

 was partly instructed by Haydn, and in 1804 became 

 director o'f the (Jermaii opera at St. I'eter-lmrg. but 

 retired on account of ill health He tau.-ht music at 

 Vienna and I'arin. and in IMi, went to Kio de Janeiro. 

 In !>_' I he returned to 1'ari-. Ininir at Talleyrand's 

 home, and went with him to England in ls:;n. 'lowards 

 the end of his life he became blind. He produced 

 about 800 com |H, -it i.. us ,.!' all kinds operas, cantatas, 

 gympl i is most noted works are his 



. i,' s - . md /' ' td (1834), whi.-h 



II,- died at Paris April .'!. 1-"-- 



NKl'Jl VNN K viti. (iiHTKimii. a (icrman mathe- 

 matician, was born May 7. |sr_>, at Konigsberg. where 

 Hi* father, Franz Neumann, was professor 01 physics 

 Hiid mineraloiry in the university. Hen- he was 

 trained, but in Iv'.s he )><-eame privat docent in mathe- 

 matics at Halle, and in I- ,r extraordinary. 

 He afterwards held professorships at ii,ingen 

 and Ix-ipsic. He has given special attention to mathe- 

 matical problems connected with heat, light, and elec- 

 tricity. Atnonir bis publications are / 

 irirllntf- tun/ II m Ringe (1864) ; 

 k'riifte (1873); BydrodgHO- 

 mitfhr Untertuchuugex (I- 



NKITKM.ITY The rules formulated by the 

 ... YIII Treaty of Washington. I S7 1 . have added 



> 195 <P "11 to the (luti '' s "' r; ".- 1; "" 1 a . 1 " 1 tno United 

 Am. Rp.) States as neutrals, but. owimr to a differ- 

 ence of opinion as to (heir interpretation, 

 other nations have n,,t l-< n invited to accede to them. 



A government may not sell munitions of war to a 

 belligerent, but ito subject* may. provided thcy^sell 

 indiffen-ntly to Inith parties, and the transaction is a 

 purel;. A belligerent has the right 



of seizing such goods as contraband, when on their 

 war from the neutral state to the enemy. The Imun 

 foe sale of a ship, intended for war. by citizens of a 

 neutral ixiwer. is a commercial venture and is not for- 

 bidden liy international law, but- the difficulty of dis- 

 tinguishing between such a sale and the organizing 

 of a hii-tilc expedition has led England to prohibit 

 such sale* to belligerents altogether. 



In the case ot the ship Alabama, built at Liver- 

 "1. durini: the American civil war, for the 

 1 M! i ' M >' - the ISritish authoritii - were noti- 

 ' the purpose for which being con- 



structed, but allowed her to sail, without armament. 

 which she subsequently received by two other English 

 vessels from the same port. A great deal of damage 

 was done by this vessel to American commerce, tnc 

 claims for which were subsequently submit!, d t 

 tration, the award being in favor of the I'nited States, 

 on the grounds that Great Britain had failed to use 

 I that after the escape of the Teasel 

 the measure* taken for it pursuit and arrest were BO 

 imperfect as to lead to no result, and tl er.-f.,- 

 not be considered sufficient to release Great Hritain 

 from the responsibility already incurred ; alxi -bat the 

 hip wa* on several occasions freely admitted into the 

 ports of the colonies of Great Britain, instead of U-imr 

 proceeded against, as it ought to have been 

 ALABAMA 



There are well-known except io< 



Idom of neutral iximniercc with belligerent powers. 



Certain articles are said to be contraband of war. A 



I goods alwa\> to U- deemed contraband, 



therefore liable to M-i/.urc. ha- ii.-\er Ix'cti made. 



The main |H,'mt is whether the article is intended ,.r 



would probably \x- applied to military purposes. In 



Knirland and America the court Kct'ore which the 



.- l.roiiL'ht will inquire intoall the i-ircum- 

 of the cjtM- and condemn or release them accordiimly. 

 Any treaty stipulations will of e,mr.-e IK- taken into 

 e,ni>ideratioii. The Supreme Court of the I'nited 

 States has said that articles manufactured and pri- 

 marily or ordinarily u.-ed for military purposes in time 

 of war are always contraband, while articles which may 



| be and are used for purposes of war or peace may or 

 may not le contraband. ( >f the same nature with the 

 carrying of contraband goods is the transportation of 

 military per.-., us or despatches in the service of the 

 enemy : a neutral vessel transporting the I'onvs or de- 

 spatches of one belligerent is jiable to confiscation, if 

 captured liy tl ther. The I'nited Slates have con- 

 tended that this applies to diplomatic agents, the con- 

 trary, however, being maintained by England and the 

 Continental nations. Where the ship and car.,, ,!., 

 not belong to the same person, the contraband articles 

 only are confiscated. The article* must, however. In- 

 taken /// i/i'/ic/n, in the actual prosecution of the voyage 

 to an enemy's port. 



Another exception to the general freedom of neutral 

 commerce in time of war is as to the trade to ports 

 blockaded by one of the Ix-lliirerents. While a neutral 

 Mihjcet is under no positive duty imposed by the law 

 of nations to abstain from blockade-runninc. be is yet 

 exposed to the chance of lo.-in:.' his -hip and cargo if 

 unsuccessful. The duty of a neutral state eon-i-t.- 

 >i m ply in letting its subjects engage in such traffic at 

 their own risk, and abandoning them to the prize 

 courts of the belligerent who may capture them. A 

 i.' IIIUM actually exist and be carried on by an 

 adequate force, and not merely declared by proclama- 

 tion, to render commercial intercourse with neutrals 

 unlawful. Notification of the cxi.-tcnee of the block- 

 ade, however, is essential, unless actual knowledge 

 can be proved against the person charired with 

 its violation. An net of violation is essential to a 

 breach of blockade ; as either going in or coming out 

 of the port with a cargo laden after the beginning of 

 the blockade. A mere intention to violate is not sutn- 

 cient ground for condemnation. The intent must 

 exist, however, to constitute the ililicimn, and must be 

 inferred from the ship's papers, acts of the owners, 

 officers, etc (T. R.) 



NKI'VILLE. Ai.piioNsK MARIE APOU-HK I>K 

 (1836-1885), French painter, was born at St. Om.-r. 

 May 31. ls:;i;. Though his predilection was always 

 for art, he studied law in accordance with the wishes 

 of his family. He passed his examinations m 

 fully, but still devoted his time to drawing. He re 

 c..i\e,l -mill' les.-ons from I'icoi. but soon left his studio. 

 Ilislirst paintimr. \ Scene from the Siege of Sebas- 

 topol, was exhibited in I S.V.I and received a medal. 

 IVIacroix gave the young artist advice and encourage- 

 ment. He illustrated (iuizot's /lintnrii ;/ France and 

 some other works, but -,,on dcxotcd himself to paint- 

 ings of battles and soldier-life. In 1 -' I he a. 

 marked success with his Chasseurs and Zouaves in 

 .la ; in isi'id with his Zouave 



Sentinel. In the war of ]>7o I>c Neuvillc was com- 



ied as nn engineer officer and took part in some 



incuts, but bis chief object was to obtain ma- 



! for bis art. His Bivouac before Le Bourget 



_') was purchased tin- the mu-cum at Dijon, and 



Last Cartridges (1873) obtained for him admis- 



!i of Honor. Among his la- 



works w. -SO), The 



Diapatoh-Cwrrier (18S1), and Korke's Drift, a scene 

 from the Zulu war. He died at Paris May 19, 1885. 

 Hi- works arc strongly realistic, yet full of romantic 



