NEWMAN NEW MEXICO. 



29 



opposition to characteristic Roman doctrine. At this 

 definite conclusion a violent outcry arose. The Uni- 

 versity authorities condemned the Tract. Newman 

 refiised to withdraw it, hut he discontinued the series, 

 and even consented to refrain from defending the 

 Tracts, though many bishops now directed charges 

 against them and the movement they represented. 

 An ecclesiastico-political event, however, induced New- 

 man to break his silence. In 1841 the British govern- 

 ment joined with the Prussian in establishing a bishop- 

 ric at Jerusalem. The scheme had originated with 

 Chevalier Bunsen. who hoped that the unity of Prot- 

 estantism would thereby be exhibited and promoted. 

 Newman protested openly against the countenance 

 thus given to Lutheranisni. In September, 1843, 

 finding he could no longer hold an official position in 

 the English Church, he resigned his charge of St. 

 Mary's and retired to Littleinore, where he had formed 

 a kind of convent. Having lost faith in the catholicity 

 of the Church of England, he formally retracted his 

 earlier attacks on the Church of Rome. For two years 

 he and his associates busied themselves with transla- 

 tions from Athanasius and with writing Lives of the 

 English Sninf.1. In 1845, as a chart of the direction 

 of nis thoughts, he drew up his Essay on the D< /</./- 

 mail nf l)urtrine; but before it was finished he was 

 received into the Roman Catholic Church (October 

 9). In the following February he left Littlernore, 

 going first to Oscott, and thence to Rome. Here he 

 was ordained priest, and on returning to England, in 

 1848, he Ix'came head of the Oratory of St. Philip 

 Neri, at Birmingham The Oratory was afterwards 

 transferred to Edgbaston, where a convent, church, and 

 schools were erected. Besides his labors in conducting 

 the affairs of this order, Father Newman was busy in 

 lecturing and preparing works for publication. Among 

 ili> - were his Sermons to Mixed Cnngreyiitii>ni<(]&49) ; 

 Iji-rtiiri-s mi hitlirultirx Felt by Aiif/lii-iiiis iii Snl,,i,itlin</ 

 I' i th>' ('iitlinlii- Cliin-i-lt (IsfiO); and two religious nov- 

 els. I sat and Gain (I, vis), and Calliita (185G). In 

 1854 Dr. Newman was appointed rector of the newly 

 founded Catholic University of Dublin, in which he 

 delivered several courses of lectures. Though he 

 seemed eminently fitted for this position by his gifts 

 of mind and character, the institution did not achieve 

 the success that was anticipated. After four years, 

 devoted to organizing and conducting the university, 

 he returned to his former work in the ( (ratory. The 

 Roman Catholic Church in England owes to him a 

 change in its attitude. Among its members he pro- 

 moted some freedom of opinion, and diminished the 

 alien proclivities which had formerly characterized 

 them. In |sr,4 Rev. Charles Kinguey provoked a 

 noted controversy by charging Dr. Newman, in com- 

 mon with other Catholics, with depreciating veracity 

 as a virtue of the natural order, in comparison with 

 spiritual virtues. Newman replied, and as the contro- 

 versy bore a personal aspect, he published the A/iolni/iu 

 Ei Viln Sun. giving a history of his religious opinions. 

 1 endeavored to prove a consistency in his career in 

 spite of the changes in his belief. When the heat of 

 conflict had cooled he regained some favor with those 

 from whom he had separated. Eventually Oxford so 

 far forgave the secession of her distinguished son that 

 in Deewbv, 1*77, he was elected an honorary fellow 

 of Trinity College. Newman was among thnr-e who 

 deprecated the promulgation of papal infallibility by 

 the Vatican Council in 1870. When Gladstone, how- 

 ever, five years later made an attack on Vaticanism, 

 Newman contented himself with pointing out the nar- 

 row limits within which infallibility was declared to 

 exist. After the accession of Leo XIII. to the panacy, 

 l>r. Newman was raised to the dignity of carninal- 

 de-icnn. May lu. 1S79. He resides at Edgbaston, near 

 Birmingham, where he conducts a schoolfor the edu- 

 cation of sons nf the Roman Catholic gentry, and still 

 supervises the affairs of his order. 

 A uniform edition of Cardinal Newman's works has 



been issued, with some annotations indicating the 

 change in his views since their original publication. 

 Besides the works already mentioned, they include An 

 Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent, a treatise on 

 faith and reason ; Discourses on the Nature and Work 

 of Universities, and other educational treatises, and 

 many sermons. He is also the author of several ad- 

 mirable poems and hymns, among which is "Lead, 

 Kindly Light. ' ' His writings are noted for the beauty 

 of their style and the purity of their English, as well 

 as for their philosophic treatment of all subjects. 

 Never content with the mere aspect of things, he probes 

 their being until he seems at times to unsettle their 

 reality. Yet his genius is able to present the results 

 of his meditations in most attractive forms. Turning 

 his back on modern criticism and progress, he sympa- 

 thizes deeply with mediaeval scholasticism. His cir- 

 cumstances placed him for a time in the van of a 

 religious movement, but his vocation was always rather 

 that of a teacher, influencing individuals, than that of 

 the leader of a movement. The opposition to liberalism 

 which had been strong in Oxford from 1833 to 1845 

 lost its importance after his withdrawal. Comparatively 

 few followed him into the Roman Catholic Church, and 

 his subsequent influence was limited almost entirely to 

 that church. (j. p. L.) 



NEW MEXICO. Prior to the advent of the 

 v . YVTT Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F<S Rail- 



?3W M J 409 ad : in 1879 ' the Territory of New 

 Am. Repf). Mexico was a comparatively unknown 

 region. The laborious journey over the 

 plains with ox-teams offered few inducements to emi- 

 grants or tourists. Although 

 a part of the United States 

 and under control of the 

 government for 30 years 

 it had received but little 

 attention, and its wonder- 

 ful natural resources were 

 either unknown or neg- 

 lected. Delays in settling 

 questions touching the own- 

 ership of land and in ad- 

 justing . conflicts between 

 the races served to retard the progress of the Terri- 

 tory. 



With the railroad came an army of active, energetic 

 Americans, who peopled the towns and villages, devel- 

 oped mines, attacked the forests, covered^ the plains 

 with cattle, and proved the amazing fertility of the 

 soil. Their enterprise has impressed the native Mexi- 

 can and the Indian, and stimulated the older settlers. 



The increase in population has, however, been only 

 about 33 per cent. , the population of the Territory at 

 present being about 200,000. The delightful climate 

 and the incentives to fortune-seekers in mining, stock- 

 raising, and farming would have brought many more 

 into the Territory had the land questions or the Indian 

 troubles been settled. Within the years 1886-88 all 

 the hostile Indians have been subdued, and under a 

 firm and enlightened management of Indian affairs no 

 serious trouble is to be apprehended. Many questions 

 affecting the rights of peaceable Indians require the 

 attention and action of the government before full 

 justice is done. 



The settlement of the land claims is now being con- 

 sidered by Congress, and it is certainly time that 

 definite action should be taken to carry out the terms 

 of the treaty made by our government with Mexico in 

 1848. Over 10,000,000 acres are claimed under grants 

 from the Spanish government. The vast majority of 

 ;hese claims are for small holdings, and comprise the 

 oest land in the Territory, which has been cultivated 

 for hundreds of years. 



Under the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo the United 

 States agreed to protect the holders of property, but 

 their title cannot be made perfect until the land is 

 surveyed by authority of the United States, and the 



