NINA-NOMF.NCI.ATIT.F.. 



8h, and foawls of Sweden. TI'w matt important 

 arrhvolojricd work is .S'i>ic//ucuX-u Aun/nu I'riitnr- 

 twiKi 



NINA. I/UKKMZU (MlMSSS). an Italian cardinal 

 wa* bum at Itccanati, May I -'. I > I i 1 1. wan educated 

 t bis native village anil at Homo. obtaining IM MflW 

 of doctor of theology. In 1 835 he wa* ordained prii-.it, 

 and hold various office* in the congregation of the 

 council. C.irlin.il Amat made him liis auditor, and 

 Pope Pin- IX employed liiin on various delicate mis- 

 :!.- II.- was then made aumawor ol' the holy office, 

 and in 1869 wu a member of the commission to pre- 

 pare for the council of the Vatican. He was also 

 pruthonoUry-apoHtolic and consul of the congregation 

 of rile*. He was made cardinal-deacon May li', 1877. 

 Pope Leo Xlll. made him aoder-seoroUrjr of state in 

 ASMS*. 1878. He became at the same time pnM 

 of du- palace and administrator of the property of the 

 Huly St-. He conducted important negotiations with 

 Itu-Hsia, with Germany. and with Belgium, lie died 

 at Home. .Inly J.l. I - 



NISARD, Juj MAUIK NAPOLEON DESIRE (1806- 

 a French author, was born at Chatillon-sur- 

 Scine, March 1M. I N id. He studied at Sainte-Barbe, 

 anil U-cauic a journalist. In 1830 he was employed in 

 the department of instruction. In his tirst important 

 Work, Let I'lietet latins de In Jfaulfncf (1834). he 

 drew a comparison between Lucan and Vietor Hugo. 

 which led to an animated controversy with Jules Janin 

 on romanticism and clai.-i-m. Nisar 1 wa.s master of 

 conferences in French literature at the Normal School 

 from IN:;."I to 1>43, and meantime held various positions 

 under the ministry until l>4i'. when he was elected to 

 the chamber of deputies as a conservative. In 1843 

 he became professor of litin eloquence in the College 

 de France, and in 18.1:! he was appointed general in- 

 t-pector of superior instruction, and also succeeded 

 \ illemain as professor of French eloquence at the Sor- 

 bonne. In 1 8.1.1 he ventured to assert that the actions 

 of rulers are not to be judged by the rules of morality 

 applying to private station. The consequent disturb- 

 ances nl the students in bis room gave occasion lor a 

 public trial. In 1857 he was made director of the 

 higher Normal School, which was then reorganised. 

 He retired from .ii : post in 1867, when he was made 

 senator, though he continued to be a member of the 

 imperial council of instruction. He liail been admitted 

 to the French Academy in 1850. He died March .~>, 

 1888. Among bin publications arc Ilutmre df It lit 

 ttrahare franqaite (4 vols., 1844-61 ; 6th ed., Is7r,) : 

 tu<lft Miir la Rfttnlunnct (18.15) ; ltda*gm tfhufom 

 ft dt littti-nlnre (1868) ; Let Quatre grands lluitiii-ifiis 

 romai'tu (1874). 



His brother. MARIE EI><\KI> CHARLES NISARD, 

 born at Chatillon-sur-Seino, Jan. 10, 1808, has done 

 con.Hiderable literary work. From 1831 to 1848 he 

 held a position in the household of King Louis Philippe 

 and was connected with various journals. He was 

 afterward* employed in the ministry of the interior. 

 Among his publications are Lf Triinni-ii-nt lilt, ,'iii* 

 an A \'If. Sieclf, namely, Scaliger, Lipsius, and 

 Camubon (1853) ; Jlitloire da Urrn /'<i/i//!<iiri* 

 . [*> Oladiatam tie li rtixililique dfx 



l)a Chnntoiif jMiiiiiltiim (1806) ; Jjf 

 jfi/niltiirr mi jvttui* ilr nirlt (IS7.'>). He has also 

 fdile 1 vnrjoii. m. in iirs an<l liistoricjil ilociiments. 

 MSItK'f. CIIAKI.K<. See DtCKINSON CoLLBOB. 

 MTIloiiLVCKKIXK. See KXIM.OSU 

 .NO\H. MOHI.K. M .M\M KI. (l7.vV-l.s.il). journal- 

 wt, wan bom at I'liilniK'Iphia. July 14, 178'). II 

 fctn lictl law and practised at Chnrlcston, S. C. In 1 HI 1 

 be was in ill; I'. S. consul at Kiira. llusnia, and in 1813 

 wan transferred to Tunis. On his return to America 

 he aettlod at New York, where he fumi'lcd and i-diicd 

 everal newspapent. one of them In-iup the first Sunday 

 newspaper pabiiahed there n.vil). His earnest devo- 

 tion to the welfare of his co relitrioiiiNiA was shown in 

 1830 in hi* endeavor to establish a Jewish colony on 



(I rand Island, in Niajrara River, but the project failed. 

 He was elected sheriff of New York, and was ap- 

 pointed Mirvcvor of the )nirt and juduc of ilu- court of 

 stswions. He died at New York. May __'. Is.'il. Ho 

 pulilikhcd Travel* in Emjlaiiil. I S U'H, tun! t/it 



ll<trttry Stittet (18ly) ; .-1 7Viiii-//if/i/M nf lite Bookqf 

 Jtuhfr ( 1 840) ; (,'lmniniii from a Gathered Jlamxt 

 .and some dramas. 



NOE. AMEDiK DE, a French caricaturist, generally 

 known by his assumed name CHAM (/. r.. Ham, son of 

 Noah), was the son of the Comte de No<5, and waa 

 born at 1'aris, Jan. L'I'I, ISI'.I. He early showed in- 

 clination for painting, and he received instruction from 

 Paul Delarocne anil Charlet. In 1842 his caricatures 

 began to appear in almanacs and various periodicals. 

 Soon they achieved great success, and were furnished 

 chiefly to Charivtiri. but afterwards were collected in 

 several volumes. They exhibited the ridiculous side 

 of public events and the social life of France down 

 nearly to I860. After this date he published only a 

 few vaudevilles. 



^NOKL. HAITIST WUOTHMUT (1799-1873). an 

 Knglish clergyman, was born at Leightmout, Scotland, 

 July 10, I7 nl .l. He was a brother of the first earl of 

 Gainsborough. He graduated at Trinity College. Cain- 

 bridge, in 1826, and became noted as a preacher. Ho 

 was one of the queen's chaplains, and preached at 

 St. John's, London. In 1849 he withdrew from the 

 Established Church and became a Baptist. He was 

 active in benevolent work amoiif; the poor. He died 

 at London, Jan. 20, 1873. He published several vol- 

 umes of sermons, some treatises on baptism and on the 

 union of church and state. 



NOLDEKE, THKODOR (1836-1875), a German 

 ( >rientalist, was born at Harburg, March 2, 183ii. lie 

 graduated si Gttttingea in lsi'>l, baring studied under 

 Kwald, and afterwards went to Vienna, Leyden, and 

 Berlin. In 1864 he was made professor-extraordinary 

 at Kiel, and in 1868 professor-ordinary. In 1S72 he 

 was called to a professorship in the newly bonded 

 University of Strasburg. lie died Jan. 20, 1 87.1. He 

 published (ifxrtu'chte ae Koraiu (I860); De L<l"t< 

 Miilutnunfd* (1863); Ueber die AmalrJciter (I8f.l); 

 />/'- . I 111, stiimcntlichf Lilfnitiir ( 1 868) ; / hfsnuCH .'/ 

 zitf Kntik dm Alien Testaments (1869); ami /'." 

 /nxrJirift ilt's K't'in!i) MI-SH r<m Mmil> (187(>). ! Ie con- 

 tributed to the ESCVCLOP^EDIABEITANNICA on Oriental 

 subjects. 



S i ) M KNCLATURE, GEOGRAPHICAL. The great ly 

 varied spelling given by different writers to ireouraph- 

 ieal names renders it often difficult to discover the 

 relationship between the various spellings or to be sure 

 whether or not two unlike words refer to the same 

 pluoe. The same difficulty exists in regard to bio- 

 graphical names. Hitherto there has been no standard 

 of spelling in biography and geography, most travellers 

 seekim; to give to the words a.s pronounced by natives 

 of foreign countries the nearest parallel sounds in the 

 alphabet of their own language, but usually hearing 

 and interpreting differently, so that considerable varia- 

 tions exist in the spelling of these names, except where 

 long usace has given them a fixed form. Familiar ex- 

 amples are the two spellings Otahcite and Tahiti, 

 which are certainly not. at once recognizable as variants 

 of the same name. The same may l- said of Hawaii 

 and Owhyhee, which would naturally be taken as 

 names of quite different places, not as different spell- 

 ings of the same name. Many instances miirht be 

 given in which, though the difference is less, the lack 

 of familiarity is more calculated to produce confusion. 

 Numerous examples of the same kind muld IK' drawn 

 from the annals of biography. If we lake the name 

 of the great Mongol conqueror of the thirteenth cen- 

 tury, it is In find it spelled by the French Ujengiiis or 

 Djenguyz. by I lie Germans I>x-liencis. by the English 

 mply .1 CULMS or .leiiL'i?.. and by certain writers 

 Chingis. I'cbeiiL'iiyz. and in various other inetho Is. 

 thU distinguished barbarian being so fortunate as tu 



