54 



fi.ll.iwine 'print. with a oincle companion 



m. I- I! u -in 



his suiwss in MooanlMung '!" Nwth- 



companion, wont north 

 u -in voyage* and 



his suiwss in MooanlMung '!" Nwth-Eut passage 

 hare been recounted un h-r AIUTK' KXIM.OK M i,,v 

 The iwttlu <>!' thU expedition have Wn pahfohed in 

 event volumes and tr.m-1 .N d tVi.in Swt- li.-li into 

 other Unruageo. Bobb" other hooon NpnlenskJold 

 was raised to ih.> peerage. In l>vi In- at-aiii Buledfar 

 tire.nl.ind and conducted an ex|>editioii farther into 

 tin- interior than had ever lieen done before. 



NORDHOFP, Cii Mil KS. journalist. was Ixirn at 

 Krwitte. Prussia. Anir. .11. Is.'!". At an early age he 

 wa* brought tn tin- I'nited Stales by his parents. who 

 H-ttled at Cincinnati. In 1*44 he went to Philadel- 

 phia and entered the navy, lie sailed around the 

 w.irld and served on niereliant vessels until is.'i.i. when 

 he became a printer. In ls,~i7 he entered upon literary 

 vork in New York, and he was conn.-eted with the 

 7 /U/ from istU to 1871, when he went to 

 California. After a visit to Hawaii in 1S73 he re- 

 inoved to W.i-hinirton. where lie has since been a 

 C|Ki'ial correspondent of the \- ' )'"//.- ll<rnl<l. His 

 publications inelude .l/'fH /-"'"' Life (IS.Vi) ; Whnl- 

 uui unil Fishiiirj ( I s.V.) ; < 'n/tf ( 'mliiwlull Alnufy S/iorf 



: Pbliticx fnr Young American* (1875); The 

 ('immuHis' > of the I'nili.l Stuff* (1875); 



The C'ltt'iit St'itet in 1875(1876); GoJandthe Future 

 Lfr ( 



NORFOLK, a oily of Virginia, in Norfolk eo.. is 

 on the Klizabeth IJivcr. Smiles from Hampton Roads, 

 and :;:; miles in mi the Atlantic Ocean. It has an ex- 

 cellent and capacious harbor. There arc 2 railroads, 

 3 canals, airl several lines of .steamers MMMtBg it 

 with New York and other eities. Norfolk hits a cus- 

 tom house. a city-hall, court-house and jail, 2 national 

 and several other hanks. 1'S churches, good public 

 pel lools and several academics, 4 daily and (i weekly 

 neMspa|M-rs. Tlie city has a pood water supply, is 

 lighted with pas. and has a paid fire ileparlmciit. 

 Norfolk was settled in 1705. and was made a city in 

 1845. It was burnt by the British in 1776. At the 

 opening of the civil war in I Mil the I". S. navy-yard 

 at Gosport, in the vicinity, attracted attention. It 

 contained lli large vessels, brought thither for repairs. 

 AVhen the place was threatened with capture by Vir- 

 ginia troops the I . S. commander deemed it necessary 

 to destroy the vessels and the works of the navy -yard. 

 Most of them were burnt, but the Merriinac, which 

 had been scuttled and sunk, was raised by the dm 

 federates and made an iron-clad. For its famous 6pht 

 with the Monitor, see [BOM-CLAM, Norfolk was soon 

 after abandoned by the Confederates and remained in 

 pcNaessioii of the I'liion troops till the close of the 

 war. It* commercial prosperity is now reviving. 



NOKMAI, SCHOOLS. Normal schools are insti- 

 tutions for the training of teachers for the common 

 K-hiMils. The first school of the kind was established 

 at Kheims. in Krai ..... . in If,s|. by tin- Alihc Jean Kap- 



ti-t ile la Salle. whose character and work have been 

 )M-t forth under ItKnrilKlts oKTIJKCllKlsriAN SriKKU.s. 

 But altlioitch France is entitled to the honor of having 

 first insiituteil the system of normal training, Ctermany 

 daerves the credit of having adopted, extended, anil 

 perfectc'l it, Th.- bwWVuieill Hermann Francke 

 (10A3-I727. Sec -kct.-li in t)i,. BMOTOtX>PJHHA Blll- 

 T \N\II- \) turned his attention to the subject of popu- 



i.-.iiion in the city nf llamburir. Ile IMMI! all his 

 fin-ruii-!. toward the establishment of a teachers' semi- 

 nary, in which he finally succeeded at Halle, in I'm- 

 oi.i. al-.ut I7i>4 : and from this institution well <|iialilied 

 teacheni were noon s]>read over all the north of (ier 

 many. 



kinvdom of Prussia look the lead in the estab 



nt of normal MC|IIMI|H. The fiist normal scl ..... I 

 iiHiermany called a RadoffOffilttn or teachers' semi- 

 nary juipiHirte,! by the state was established at Stet 

 tin. in Pomeraiii.i in \1:;:,; the se.-,,nd at I'ol.sdam, in 

 linuidc-nburg, in 1748 ; the third at lircaku, in Silesia, 



NOKMAI, SCHOOLS. 



in 17i"i.'i; nnd from tlie middle of the eiphteenth eon- 

 tury teachers' seminaries pradually spread all over 

 (lerinany. Some of them are private instit'itions ; 

 but tin- L'overninent exercises (he ritht of supervision 

 over (hem. A brief description of the celebrated nor- 

 liool of P.it.-daiu will IM-SI explain the normal 

 system as it exists in the different countries of Knropc, 

 for with slight deviations nearly all the European 

 schools were modelled after it. The Potsdam Normal 

 School and its annexed model school or school of prac- 

 tice are placed under a director or pi incipal, s'liliordi- 

 nate to the royal school board of the province of Hran- 

 denbur.L', at IJerlin, and to the minister of public 

 instrn -tion. The last named authority lays down the 

 principles to_be followed in this scl ..... 1. exacts an ac- 

 count of all iiupoi-tant matters, such as the examina- 

 tion of the masters, and any change in the 'iinda- 

 meiital plan of the studies; and re.-. i\ i -s ( . , ry year, 

 tliroiiirh the medium of the royal sehool-lxiani, a de- 

 tailed report prepared by the director of the school. 

 The school Iniaid ischanred with the special ins; 

 of the normal school ; it must watch its proiriv- 

 froin (ime to time send MHBBMMHMN to make in- 

 quiries on the spot. It examines and approves the 

 plan of studies presented every half year, and decides 

 upon all questions submitted to the consistory. The 

 direct. ir superintends the whole establishment, ol 

 and directs the master and servants, makes reports to 

 the superior authorities, and carries on the correspond- 

 ence. 



The number of pupil-teachers is fixed at from 70 

 to si i, and to instruct these there are r. masters, 

 besides the director. The conditions for admission are 

 somewhat ri.irid. The candidates must be in good 

 health, and free from all bodily infirmity ; they must 

 IM- 17 years old. and beloiiu' to the Kvani:elical religion ; 

 they must produce certificates of birth and baptism, 

 school-certificates, ami certificates of pood conduct 

 The examination for admission is partly written and 

 partly oral. The oral examination is confined to re- 

 li.uion, grammar, reading, logical exercises, and arith- 

 metic. They ure examined also in singing, the piano- 

 forte. and the violin. NVlien a candidate passes a suc- 

 cessful examination he is bound to sign the followini; 

 engagement to the director, with the consent of his 

 father or guardian: "1, the undersigned, M - 

 N - , by these presents, bind myself eonformably 

 with the ordinance of the royal minister of jiublii; 

 instruction and ecclesiastical and medical affairs to 

 place myself during three years, after my leaving the. 

 normal school, at the disposal of the king's govern- 

 ment. and consequently not to subscribe anything con- 

 trary to this engagement ; or in such ease to refund to 

 the normal school the expenses incurred b l- the state 

 for my instruction." 



In the first year formal instruction predominates : 

 in the second material instruction, and in (he third 



practical instruction. Formal instruction eonsi 

 studies calculated to open the mind, and to inculcate 

 on the pupils good methods in every branch, and the 

 feeling of what is the true vocation of a primary 

 teacher: material instruction, or more positive instruc- 

 tion. occupies the second year, in which the pupil 

 through the special studies of every solid kind, much 

 | of which they may never l>e called upon to teach; 

 practical instruction, or instruction in the art of teach- 

 ing, occupies the third year. In the last yeir the pu- 

 pils are obliged to give ten well-prepared les-on> a 

 week in the model school, or school of practice. At 

 the expiration of the three years' course the pupil- 

 teachers are compelled to pass a riirid examination, not 

 only in the subjects they have studied but also in the 

 methods of leaching them. 



Normal schools in Pru-sia are divided into public or 

 private, superior or chief seminaries, and secondary or 

 small seminaries. Hy a chief seminary was originally 

 understood such seminaries as were completely organ- 

 ized according to the requirements of the laws. After- 



