OILS 



tioo. An ioteratediatf penitentiary fur the imprison- 

 ment of find offt-nden i being built at Mansfield 



( Hiio is represented in Concresa by two senators and 

 t,nty one representatives. Tlic contuy ofli 

 each county are three commissioners, who hare charge 

 of the county |ini|Tty. lix county taxi-, retnilaii 

 and have general SU|M-I\ i-ion of nil (-.unity matter*. 

 Three iufiriniiry dii-cctor-. an auditor, a te. -order, a sur- 

 veyor. clerk iif th- Court i.l ('iimiii'iii I 'leas, who is 

 also clerk of tin- Circuit Court, it tr.-.i-uivr. a sheriff a 

 coroner, and a prosecuting attorney, are all elected for 

 three yean except the treasurer, sheriff, coroner, ami 

 prosecuting attorncv. who are each elected for two 

 yean. A county which contains a city of over 180,000 

 population has a board of control of five BMmben. 

 each elected for three years, which has final action ami 

 jurisdiction in all matters involving expeoditans of 

 money. Each count v must contain at least 4ml square 

 miles of territory ami the legislature lias power to lay 

 out new nullities. Counties are subdivided into town- 

 hips, each of which inu-t contain at least 22 square 

 mile.- Coiiiiij commissioners have power to lay out 

 new town-hips. Township officers are three trustees, 

 a clerk, a treasurer, constables, and an assessor. Town- 

 ship truUt>> have the oversight of elections in the 

 country precinct . pnvide tor the repairing of mails. 

 afford relief )> the poor, and have general charge of 

 all township matters. 



Education. The receipts for school purposes in 

 1887 were $1, "til. 72.">.4f>. The number of puj 

 rolled in the common schools of the State were ~(n.',\'l 

 The total immlx-r of youth of school age in the State 

 were 1.102,721. The amount paid to the 88 counties 

 for school purposes from the State treasury was 

 *1.7ti7.li>4.'.i. I'lie total expenses of the common 

 schools for 1887. as reported by the school com- 

 missioner, were $9.909,813.12. 



Among the higher educational institutions of Ohio 

 there has been progress and development in the past 

 few years. One of them. Western Reserve College, 

 formerly located at Hudson, has been removed to 

 Cleveland, ami its name changed to the Western Re- 

 x-rvr I'liivcrsity. With a large endowment ami new 

 buildings on KiuTnl avenue, the former town college 

 has become a university, with a number of different 

 departments. Strictly speaking, what was formerly 

 Western Reserve Oouega is now Adelbert College of 

 the Western Reserve University, with which is joined 

 the Case School of applied science. A female college 

 is projected as part of the same, the system of 

 ; ation in Adelbert College having been dropped 

 in 1- 



h'iiiniic, The receipts of the Ohio treasury lor 

 1887 Were 16,512,060.77: the disbursements were 

 6,289,811.04; the funded State debt on Nov. 1 :>. 1887. 

 amounted to $3,341,665, bearing interest at 3 and 4 

 per cent. 



The value of realty in Ohio for 1887 was $1 

 010,625; of personal property, $52". 172 n:H. The 

 State taxes amounted to $4,942,447.23; the total 

 taxes. State, county, township, and municipal, were 

 $34.565,285.89. 



The irreducible State debt (trust funds) was $4. WT,- 



makiiiL' the total State debt $7, 943,1 si .>;:>. 



The debto of counties amounted to $> v. ; of 



making the total local debto $54 - 1 ;.r, v, While the 

 State debt is steadily decreasing and ha- I , n refaoded 

 at low rates of interest, the l'x-al indebtedness i.- in- 

 creasing at the rate of about a million dollars 

 this resultini; from local improvements, payment for 

 which is ui.idc by the is-uancc of Ixmd- by authority 

 iture I'mli-r the laws of Ohio, counties 

 a create local liomlcd indebtedness by se- 

 curing permission from the Legislature. 



(1. * P.) 



of the Legislature, 

 and cities can crca 



OILS. The oils known to commerce may be grouped 



YVII ul "''' r 'brei- general heads: animal and 

 X _" li.-h oil- l)lc oil-, and esM-ntia] 



Am' i oils - ''''" ''""- ' L ' T '""I'- at '""' ''""' liv 



far the mure important, has suffered in 



commercial iuimutance by the inroads made in tlu-ir 

 she products of |>ctrok'tiin, the more important 

 of the animal and fish oils U-foiv the advent ot petro- 

 leum l.rin^ the principal reliances for lubrication and 

 illumination. The second group has been little affected 

 by the discovery of petroleum, but oils that were only 

 a few years ago unknown have come to the front, the 

 most prominent example being cottonseed oil, now the 

 most important of the seed oils. The list of dis- 

 tinciively American essential oils is a short one, al- 

 though it contains one vying in importance with some 

 of the more prominent essential oils of the old world 

 oil of i>eppermint. The oils manufactured in the 

 I 'nited States are considered by groups as above. 



ANIMAL AND FISH OILS. 



Cod and Cod-Lifer Oil*. The oil from livers of 

 codfish is mostly imported from Newfoundland and 

 from Norway. The amount manufactured by the fish- 

 ermen is insignificant, and rarely enters the market in 

 competition with the imported oils. The oil commer- 

 cially known as cod oil is expressed from the heads, 

 livers, and other waste portions of the fish. It is not 

 a medicinal oil, but is used by curriers, and commands 

 a ready sale at about one-half the price realized for the 

 oils made from cod livers only. The annual produc- 

 tion varies greatly, but may be said to average from 

 20,000 to 25,000 barrek 



Lard Oil. The manufacture of lard oil in the 

 I "nited States has suffered less by reason of the sub- 

 stitution of the products of petroleum than have the 

 whale- or sperm-oil industries. It i> still used as a 

 lubricant and burning oil where absolute safety is de- 

 manded, and is largely employed in compounding 

 lubricating oils. Chicago is the centre of the lard-oil 

 industry. 



Mm/in, /,n Oil. The menhaden-oil industry is of 

 comparatively recent origin, having its beginning in 

 IS.-.n. In that year Mrs. John Bartlett. of Blue Hill, 

 Me., while boiling some fish for her chickens noticed 

 considerable oil on the surface of the water, which she 

 collected in bottles and carried to an oil-merchant in 

 Boston, Mass., who at once pronounced the oil valu- 

 able. The Bartlett family being encouraged to produce 

 the oil in quantity, in l^'il sent to market l.'i barrels 

 of the oil from the "bony fish." or "mossbunkers." 

 as the fish are popularly called in different sections 

 along the New Lngland coast. The first to sell the oil 

 was Mr. K. B. Phillips, an oil-merchant of Boston. 

 The mode of extracting the oil was most primitive, the 

 lish being simply placed in large kettles with water, 

 allowed to boil, and the oil skimmed off as it collected 

 on the surface. From this small beginning the busi- 

 ness grew rapidly, reaching its highest development in 

 the year 1 SSL". In this year the amount of capital em- 

 ployed in the business of catching the fish ami render- 

 in;,' the oil was $2,858,500. The number of factories 

 in operation am' linns engaged in the business wa- '.17 ; 

 there were 8.3 sU-am- and Jl'J sailing-vessels employed 

 in taking the lish. while employment was furnuned 

 l_'.:i:: men. The number of fish caught was 346,G.'JS. ~><xi, 

 and the amount of oil produced 1^.021,312 gallons. 

 From this year dates the decadence of the industry, 

 although during the season of 1884, which begins in 

 :id end,- in October, the number of lish caught 

 reached the enormous total of 858, 592. 7( HI. ami the 

 amount of oil produced .'!.7!.'.i27 gallons. In that 

 the Dumber of factories iii operation was .">:_>. the 

 iiiiiii' engaged 59, and I"i7 sailing- 



vessels. Since then the decline of the industry has 

 been more rapid, the statistics for 1887 being : amount 

 !. $1,000,000; number of factories in 

 operation, 28 ; suyuu-vesscls, 46 ; sailing-vessels, 38 ; 



