88 



OJIBWAYS-OLF.OMAIK. \RINK. 



the oil in improved apparatus. The oil is variable in 



i|iuli(y and tin' yield of the herb uncertain, in -ome 

 year* proving unprofitable. The value of the exports 

 of this oil i x.ii'ds lli il <if all the other essential nils 

 produced in the I'liii.-d States. The principal market 

 fur this oil I.H N.-w York. 



>Viuf/nu Oil in the least important uf the essential 

 oil* that way be e.illi-.l American, both as to the value 

 of the nil ami the quantity produced. Marylamj. Vir- 

 ginia, Delaware, and W. -i Yiiginia an' the principal 

 nouroea of xupply. A> this is the eheapest of the 

 essential oils It is largely used in the arts, ami w.i- the 

 moat common went for Map until supplanted l>y niyr- 

 bane oil. A.-* distilled t'mni the fresh roots the yield is 

 about - IHT ivnt The <lriec' t>ark is said to yield .'i 

 percent, of oil. 



Wltitergrtt* Oil. The oil known in commerce as 

 wintergnvn oil is not made from the plant of that 

 name, although such was the case in former years. It 

 in a prod net of the distillation of the bark of the sweet 

 bireh. which in more abundant uirl richer in oil. The 

 proiHTties of the oil from both sources are identical. 

 The principal sources of supply are the States of New 

 New York, and l'cnnsylv:inia, where it is dis- 

 tilled in a primitive manner and sent to market or 

 Nild t<> dealers who collect it The supply is always 

 co.ua! to the demand. (II. <l. A.) 



OJIBWAYS. or ClHPPEWAS, a tribe of American 

 Indians of the Algonkin stock, have been known since 

 1 r>4i i. when the French first explored the western 

 shores of Like Huron. A mission was founded at the 

 S.uili Ste. Marie by the Jesuit Fathers Jogues and 

 K.iynibault in ir,|-j. and hence the Ojibways Tiave be- 

 come known in Canada as the Sauteux. They arc 

 hanly, strong, and devoted to war and hunting. They 

 drove the Sioux beyond the Mississippi, and during 

 the French domination they rendered effective assist- 

 ance in raids on the British settlements. They joined 

 in the conspiracy of Pontiac and surprised the fort at 

 Mackinaw in 17i>;{. Brought under British influence 

 they threatened the American border settlements dur- 

 inir tin' revolutionary war, and at its close gave much 

 trouble in Ohio. They were defeated by (Jen. Wayne 

 and made a treaty at Greenville, Aug. .'i, 1795. They 

 were (hen scattered along the southern shores of 

 the I ireat Lakes, from Erie to the head waters of the 

 Mississippi In the warof 1812 they joined Tecumseh 

 in aiding the British, but in 181<> they again made a 

 treaty of peace, and soon after abandoned their lands 

 in Ohio. They were then reckoned at 14,<XX), and in 

 I ^'2'i the limits of their territory were defined by treaty, 

 but these have since been greatly reduced. 



The Ojibways who remained in the reservations in 

 I'pper Michigan and Wisconsin became peaceful and 

 industrious and responded well to missionary efforts. 

 Besides (he Roman Catholic missions, which are still 

 maintained to Nome extent, the Episcopalians, Presby- 

 terians, and Methodists have shared in this work. In 

 Men were reported 4oli> Chipncwas in Wiscon- 

 wii. who were doing mo lerately well at fanning and 

 /. Those in Michigan had given up tribal rela- 

 :nany of them exercise the right of suffrage, and 

 .: sometime elected to local offices. Those not 

 on rwcrv.it ions arc exposed lo frauds from the whites, 

 nd the education of their children is neglected. 

 Those Ojibways who removed to Minnesota long re- 

 tained their old habit.s and many have becoiiie degraded 

 under the influence of vicious whites. In 18H7 there 

 were reported at Turtle. Mountain agency, Dakota, 

 lll'i', per*ijii. of whom :;n'.i wen' full-blood Chippe- 

 was, the rest of mixed blood They are Catholics and 

 we dependent on the government for support. This 

 reservation contained K..HVI a Tcs. divided into (hiilicr. 

 fanning, anil grarini? lands. Beyond its limits there 

 many others living among the white's and on 

 epial terms. To the labors o| (be missionaries is due 

 our knowledge of (he lan::uai.'e and customs of the 

 Ojibways or L'hippewas. 11 K. Schooleraft did much 



to popularize it. Two members of the trilie have 

 published histories of the Ojibways, (leorm- Copway 

 ton, Iv'illand I'eter .Jones (l/.ndon. iMil). 



OKKA < Ifilitxriix rxriilriitiis) is a species nt (lie Mil 

 nifii or Mallow family, mucilaginous plants which are 

 found throughout the tropical and temperate parts of 

 the earth. The okrn, in the opinion of some, is a 

 native of the East Indies, though 1'e Candolle thinks 

 that its name points 

 to an origin in tropi- 

 cal America. It is 

 an annual, generally 

 resembling the mal- 

 lows, with a stem L' 

 to 6 il. high, and 

 rigid, 5-lobed leaves, 

 in whose axils grow 

 larL'c. yellowish flow- 

 ers with purplish cen- 

 tres. The fmit is a 

 narrow, 1 0-angled 

 pod, 4 to 8 inches 

 long, of pyramidal 

 shape, with pointed 

 extremity. It con- 

 tains numerous kid- 

 ney-shaped seeds. 

 The plant is culti- 

 vated for its pods, which when young contain mucilage 

 in abundance. They are gathered while still tender, 

 and before any woody fibre appears, and are used as a 

 thickening material for the peculiar Southern soup 

 called gumbo. They are also sometimes boiled and 

 dressed like asparagus. The PO'l* "''' salted for winter 

 use, or sliced and dried. The inner bark of the 

 okra yields an excellent fibre, and has been proposed as 

 suitable for paper stock. 



01, AF. SAINT (<. W.VlOliO), king and patron saint 

 of Norway, was a son of Harold (Jriinske, and grand- 

 son of Harold the Fair-haired. When only 12 years 

 old he led a Viking fleet to the coasts of Britain, and 

 afterward* plundered the coasts of Sweden, France, 

 and Spain. Having become one of the most dreaded 

 sea kings, he returned to Norway in 1014, and made 

 himself master of the kingdom, and introduced Chris 

 tianiiy. He burned the heathen temples and used such 

 violence that a rebellion was excited. In 1 028 Canute 

 came with an army to enforce his claim to Norway and 

 Olaf fled to Russia. After two years be returned with 

 aid from Sweden, and was defeated and killed near 

 Drontheim, July 29, 1030. When Christianity was 

 fully established his body was enshrined in the Cathe- 

 dral of Drontheim, and Olaf was made the patron 

 saint id' the country. In 1S47 King Oscar I. instituted 

 the order of St. Olaf 



OIJ'-.O.MARUARINE. The making of artificial 

 v l TVtr outtcr nas become of late years an in- 

 > 7GO In 7s-' d"' str >' f ? ucn importance that some 

 Viu' Kcp ). " account of its origin and growth is here 

 requisite. It originated in the desire 

 of the French government to provide the poorer 

 classes with a cheap substitute for butter. They em- 

 ployed M. Mege-Mouries to make experiments with 

 this object in view. Presuming that beef fat might 

 contain the constituents of butter, be experimented 

 with suet, which he found to be below butter in its 

 proportion of oleine. By extracting a portion of 

 palmatini: and stearine from the fat. he brought its 

 proportion of oleine up to that of butler, and by 

 proper manipulation produced a substance not easily 

 distinguishable from butter, while much cheaper. 

 Thi- .substance be named oleomargarine, under the 

 i'h-a that butter contains martrarine. This is a mis- 

 taken idea, and the name is not properly applicable. 

 Hutlerine, which is frei|iiciulv DMO, is a more correct 

 title. 



1 1 i- needless to degcril>e M. Mcgc's method of*man- 

 ufacture, as au improved method is now adopted in 



