OLIN-OLIPHANT. 



89 



the American factories, in which large quantities of 

 butterine are annually made. Briefly to outline the 

 process, the beef fat is first thrown into tanks of tepid 

 water. This is repeated three times, such of the fat 

 as does not seem suitable being withdrawn after the 

 first washing. All impurities having been thus re- 

 moved, only pure white fat remains. This fat is 

 minced in a cutting machine and melted by the use 

 of live steam, the temperature being kept carefully 

 between 11 4 and 122 F. , and about 5 per cent, of salt 

 being added. The membrane sinks to the bottom of 

 the kettles, and the pure floating fat is drawn off. 

 After some other purifying processes the fat is allowed 

 to solidify very slowly. It is then exposed to a pressure 

 of 3000 um. to the square inch, in order to separate 

 the butter oil from the stearine. This is kept up until 

 the butter oil, or oleomargarine, ceases to flow, the 

 stearine residue remaining as a hard, white, dry mass. 

 Much of the oil is exported to Europe in this way, 

 there to be churned with milk into artificial butter. 

 If projierly sealed up, it will keep an indefinite period. 

 It is of a light yellow color and an agreeable taste, 

 melting in the mouth like butter. When churned it 

 is mixed in the proportion of 442 parts oleomargarine, 

 120 parts milk, 37J of butter, ana 1} oz. bicarbonate 

 of soda. This is churned from 5 to 10 minutes, some 

 coloring matter added, and then churned from 30 to 

 40 minutes longer. The substance produced resembles 

 butter in taste and appearance, though it has a ten- 

 dency to crystallize, and become lumpy. This is 

 avoided by chilling it during the process of hardening. 

 Pure oleomargarine butter is said to contain every 

 element that enters into cream Imtter. and to keep 

 pure much longer. But there is the defect of not 

 knowing when it is pure, or what injurious ingredients 

 or objectionable processes may be used in its manu- 

 facture by irresponsible parties. It is, however, 

 manufactured in large quantities in America, partly 

 for home use, but more largely for shipment to Eu- 

 rope. Three factories in the State of New York pro- 



better to prevent fraudulent sales Congress has re- 

 cently passed a stringent law taxing the manufacture 

 and sale, and requiring under penalty that every pack- 

 age containing artificial butter shall be duly marked 

 with the name of its contents, and that retail dealers 

 shall not sell except from the original packages. The 

 law lays on manufacturers a tax of $600, on wholesale 

 dealers of $480, and on retail dealers of $48, with an 

 additional tax of 2 cents on every pound sold. This 

 law has gone far to restrict the fraudulent sale. Sold 

 for what it is, oleomargarine is not likely to inter- 

 fere greatly with the dairy business of this country, as 

 it will be used mainly for cooking purposes. Its use 

 as table butter is likely to be mainly confined to the 

 poorer classes of Europe. 



We append a comparative analysis of natural and 

 artificial butter, which shows that when properly made 

 the latter is a wholesome and satisfactory substitute for 

 the former. 



Fat. Caseine. Ash. Water. 



Good market butter 86.06 0.42 0.12 13.77 



Poor " " 82.60 0.72 0.20 17.18 



Artificial butter, Mfge's pro- 

 cess 86.24 1.20 12.56 



Artificial butter, American 



process ._ 87.15 0.57 1.63 11.50 



Frankfort Margb/ine Co 87.97 0.26 0.17 11.42 



(C. M.) 



OLIN, STEPHEN (1797-1851), preacher and educa- 

 tor, was born at Leicester, Vt., Mar. 3, 1797. He was 

 the oldest son of Judge Henry Olin (1757-1837), who 

 was lieutenant-governor of Vermont 1827-29. He 

 graduated at Middlebury College in 1820, and became 

 principal of an academy in South Carolina. In 1824 

 he entered the South Carolina Conference of the 

 Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1826 he was made 



S-ofessor of English literature in the University of 

 eorgia, and in 1834 became president of the Randolph- 

 Macon College, Virginia. He went to Europe in 1837 

 and made an extensive tour in the East, which is de- 



duce not less than 4"<<io tons yearly, while similar scribed in his Travels in Egypt, Petrcea and the Holy 

 factories ,-xi.-t in nearly all of our large cifies. In some ' ' 

 of these factories lard is mixed with oleomargarine, 



yielding compounds known as lardine, suine, and lanl 

 cheese. In 1880 the statistics of the oleomargarine 

 manufacture were as follows : 



Establishment* 15 



Capital invested $1,680,000 



Value of material 5,486,141 



Value of product 6,892,939 



' Land (1843). Being made president of Wesleyan 

 University in 1842, Dr. Olin exerted himself with 



great success to give this institution high rank among 

 American colleges. He was at this time at the height 

 of his power as a preacher, intellectual, fervent, and 

 practical. In 1846 he was a delegate to the first meet- 

 ing of the Evangelical Alliance in London. He died 

 at Middletown. Conn., Aug. 16, 1851. His Sermons 

 were published in 1852, and his Life, and Letters in. 



1853. 



OLIPHANT, LAURENCE, a roving Englishman 

 whose travels and adventures have furnished material for 

 several books, was born in 1829, being the only son of 

 Sir Anthony Oliphant, who became chief-justice of 

 Ceylon in 1838. In 1850 Laurence accompanied Jung 



The factories were situated principally in New 

 York, Kentucky. Ohio, Illinois, and Pennsylvania. 

 Since that date their product has largely increased. 



Recent reports from Holland state that the exports 



of oleomargarine from the United States are steadily j Bahadoor, the Nepaulese ambassador to England, on 

 increasing, and were much larger in 1887 than in j his return to Katmandu, and published an account of 

 former years, and that all measures taken to suppress i the journey. After studying at the University of 

 the manufacture of artificial Imtter serve only to mako f Edinburgh and being admitted to the English bar, he 

 it better known and more popular, and to increase f visited Southern Russia. His book on The Russian 

 jts consumption. The law in Germany against it, for Shores of the Blade Sea (1853) acquired special inter- 

 instance, has been followed by an extension of the out- est from the Crimean war which soon followed. Oli- 

 ter factories, while the new law against butterine in pliant next became private secretary to Lord Elgin, 

 England, which took effect Jan. 1, 1888, promises to Governor-General of Canada, and was made superin- 

 have a similar effect. The exports of American but- tendent of Indian affairs. His travels in this capacity 

 terine!in 1887 to the two ports of Rotterdam and i gave occasion for his book on Minnesota, or the Far 



A 



about 



(1855). He travelled through the United States 

 and even accompanied a filibustering expedition to 

 Central America. Returning to England he published 

 The Trans- Caucasian Provinces (1855) and then has- 



Amsterdam were 1S4,60O tierces, containing 

 60,000,000 Ibs. This was one-third more than the 

 1886 export. Holland imported as much in 1887 from 



European factories, while making much in her own _. 



factories. The making of artificial butter, indeed, is tened to join the army of Omar Pacha in a campaign to 

 now the largest manufacturing interest of the Nether- . that region. In 1857 he was again private secretary to 

 laii'ls. The annual consumption in Paris at present is ] Lord Elgin, then minister plenipotentiary to China, 

 from 60,000 to 80,000 Ibs. daily. and subsequently published an account of this mission. 



In view of the extensive and growing sale of this sub- j In 1861, while he was acting as chargf d'affaires in 

 stance "in the United States as cream butter, restrictive Japan, a bold attempt was made on his life and he was 

 laws have been passed by several of the States, and the J severely wounded. In 1865 he was elected to Parlia- 



