O'REILLY ORGAN. 



113 



The fishery is thus seen to have reached its height 

 in 1883 and to have since declined. The State Fish 

 Commission is expected to devise restrictions against 

 the excessive capture of fish, which threatens to destroy 

 the business. 



For further information see Resources of the State 

 of Oregon, prepared hy the State Board of Agriculture 

 and published by the State (Salem, 1 888) . (J. c. M. ) 



REILLY, JOHN BOYLE, poet and journalist, was 

 born at Dowth Castle, county Meath, Ireland, in 1844. 

 He became a reporter for English papers, but in 1863 

 enlisted in the Tenth Hussars, for tne purpose of prop- 

 agating Fenianism. He was detected, convicted, and 

 sentenced to penal servitude for twenty years. After 

 spending some time in English prisons he was, in 

 1867, banished to Western Australia. From this land 

 of exile, in 1869, he departed at night in an open boat 

 with a single companion without food or drink. After 

 three days' exposure to the perils of the sea he was 

 taken aboard an American whaler. He was carried to 

 Liverpool, and thence quickly made his way to the 

 United States. In 1870 he become connected with 

 the Boston Pilot, of which he is now editor. He has 

 published Songs of the Islet, Moondyne, and other 

 books. 



HELL AN A, FRANCISCO (c. 1500-1549), a Spanish 

 explorer, was born at Truxille about 1500. He took 

 part in the conquest of Peru in 1531, and in 1540 was 

 second in command of Gonzalo Pizarro's expedition to 

 the east of the Andes. While descending the Napo, 

 their provisions became exhausted, and Pizarrp sent 

 Orellana with 50 men in a brigantine down the river to 

 procure a supply. Orellana reached the Amazon in 

 three days. Finding the country entirely different 

 from what he expected, and judging the return too 

 difficult, he determined to sail down the main stream. 

 In seven months he reached the mouth, having fre- 

 quently been attacked by the natives. On returning to 

 Spain in 1541 he told of a country inhabited by women 

 warriors. Obtaining a commission to conquer and colo- 

 nize El Dorado he organized an expedition, which 

 proved very unfortunate. After entering the Amazon 

 he died of a fever. 



ORELLI. JOHANX KASPAR (1787-1849), a Swiss 

 philologist, was born at Zurich, Feb. 13, 1787. He 

 graduated at the university of that city and studied 

 theology. While pastor at Bergamo he preached in 

 German, French, and Italian. In 1813 he became a 

 teacher of classics at Coire, and in 1819 was made pro- 

 fessor of hermeneutics and rhetoric at Zurich. He died 

 there Jan. 6, 1849. His editions of Cicero, Horace, 

 and Tacitus are of special merit. He published also 

 (tnniii'ixilfiin Ttt/liiitium (3 vols., 1836-^38), and Intcrip- 

 tiniiiiiii Lnlninnnii S'/i-i-turnm Collectio (2 vols., is^s). 



ORGAN. This article is confined to organ-building 

 _ in America. The art of organ-building 



,P , ac, in this country was until recent years 

 12 in a rather crude state. Wm. M. 

 Goodrich (1777-1833) was the first 

 native organ-builder wortnv of the name, although 

 others were engaged in the business before him. The 

 organ made by Edward Brom field in Boston in 1745 

 was the first one built in this country. Thomas John- 

 ston was also making organs in Boston soon after, and 

 he was succeeded By Josiah Leavitt. Henry Pratt 

 built a number of organs during the early part of this 

 century. During this period, however, foreign organs, 

 f which the importation had begun as early as 1713, 

 Were still in demand. 



Goodrich came to Boston in 1799, and there followed 

 his business until his death. He built his first organ in 

 1805, and had such success that, notwithstanding the 

 existing prejudice against American work, but few 

 organs were imported during thjs time. His brother 

 Ebenezer, after working with him for some time, set 

 up on his own account. Thomas Appleton, who 

 entered William Goodrich's employ in 1807, subse- 

 quently also went into business for himself, first in part- 



nership with Messrs. Hoyt and Babcock, and later 

 alone. A little before 1830 the art of organ-building 

 began to receive a new impulse. The brothers, Elias and 

 George G. Hook, began business in Boston about this 

 time, and soon took a prominent position among Ameri- 

 can manufacturers. In 1853 Wm. Nutting, Jr., estab- 

 lished himself at Bellows Falls, Vt. , and at the same 

 time there were four large factories in Boston Apple- 

 ton's, Simmons', Hook's, and Stevens'. Up to this 

 time, however, but few attempts had been made to 

 improve either tone or mechanism of the organ. It 

 was the interest excited by the erection of the excellent 

 organ in the Music Hall, Boston, that did much to 

 bring about a complete change of affairs. This large 

 instrument, built by E. F. Walcker & Son, of Lud- 

 wigsburg, Wiirtemberg, was begun in 1857 and fin- 

 ished in 1863. The American builders, having once 

 recognized the necessity of producing better work, 

 soon began to introduce many and important improve- 

 ments, and it was not long before they could com- 

 pete successfully with the European manufacturers. 



Two of the best-known houses to-day are those of 

 Roosevelt and Jardine, both of New York. Hilborne 

 Lewis Roosevelt (1849-1886) began business in New 

 York in 18_72. He made some notable improvements 

 in the art of organ-building. By his construction of 

 the wind-chest each pipe has its own valve, actuated 

 by compressed air. The "automatic adjustable com- 

 bination" enables the player to place any required 

 combination of stops under immediate control, and to 

 alter such combination as frequently as desired. The 

 electric action was first employed by Roosevelt in 1869, 

 when he was with Hall & Labagh, of New York, and 

 has subsequently been frequently employed. His 

 brother Frank succeeded him in 1887. Among the 

 numerous instruments built by this firm are those in 

 Grace Church, New York (1878); Chickering Hall, 

 New York ; Cathedral of the Incarnation, Garden 

 City, L. I. (1879-83), 106 stops; St. Thomas' Church, 

 New York (1881-3), 56 stops ; Church of the Incar- 

 nation, New York (1883), 50 stops ; First Congrega- 

 tional Church, Great Barrington, Mass. (1883), 60 

 stops ; Calvary Church, New York (1887) ; and the 

 organ built for the United States Centennial Exhibi- 

 tion, now owned by the Massachusetts Charitable 

 Mechanics' Association. 



Mr. George Jardine (1801-1883), the founder of the 

 house of George Jardine & Son, established himself in 

 New York as early as 1836. He introduced various 

 improvements, among which are the "pneumatic 

 vacuum pallets." In 1860 he took his sonEdward G. 

 into partnership. This firm has also built a large 

 number of instruments, notably those in the New York 

 Cathedral (60 stops) ; St. George's Church, New 

 York (80 stops); Brooklyn Tabernacle (70 stops); 

 St, Agnes Church, Brooklyn (70 stops) ; Pittsburg 

 Cathedral ; Trinity Church, San Francisco ; Mobile 

 Cathedral ; and Christ Church, New Orleans. 



The firm of Hook & Hastings was founded by the 

 brothers Hook in 1827. Mr. F. H. Hastings first en- 

 gaged with them in 1855, became a partner in 1865, 

 and now succeeds them. The principal instruments 

 that have come from this factory are the organ in the 

 Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston (1875), with 3 

 manuals and 83 stops ; that in the Music Hall, Cincin- 

 nati (1 878), 4 manuals, 96 stops ; and that in Tre- 

 mont Temple, Boston (1880), 4 manuals, 65 stops. 

 Another well-known Boston firm is that of Hutchings, 

 Plaisted & Co. It was founded in 1869 by J. H. 

 Willcox, George S. Hutchings, Mark H. Plaisted, 

 and G. V. Nordstrom, all of whom had been pre- 

 viously connected with Hook & Hastings. The firm- 

 name was at first " J. H. Willcox & Co" which, in 

 1 872, was changed for the present name. These build- 

 ers have erected organs for Christ Church, Baltimore, 

 Md. ; St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia ; Old South 

 Church, Boston ; Church of Immaculate Conception, 

 Lowell, Mass. ; and numerous others. Other notable 



