116 



OSKAI.OOSA-OTTF.R. 



ti-factory in the world, 3 foundries and tu:u-I. 

 shop*, 3 soap-factorial, several pork-packing IKUUW. 

 Tlio biiMiios |'rtion of ilu- city is built i-lii.-riy of 

 brick Hi. -treett are lighted by electricity. Imt gas 

 b oaed bv t>rivat poosumera. The water u> nppfied 

 b\ tlir if.illv system from a cluster of artesian wells. 

 TTe MMMMtl v.iliiali.in .>!' pr|N-riy i> about $8,<K M I.IK HI. 

 The bonded debt is $14 .i.otii. and (lie yearly expen-e- 

 exceed $2< i.< m 



Thin locality was traversed by the early French < \ 

 plorers and niLssionaric*. but tin- first permanent white 

 settlement was uiatlo by Now Kngl.ndcr> in is.'ii'i. 

 Tin- city was boorponted in April, is.',.',. In Is.V.i tin' 

 ftitirv town was destroyed by fin- ; in IS74 tin- extreme 

 northern |x.rtion wsis swept away, and in tin- next \i-ar 

 all of the city mirth uf rox River was consumed, the 

 low being about $3,000,000. In !>;"> part of the 

 suburbs was destroyed by a cyclone. The population 

 in 1880 was 16,748, and in 1838 it is Mawtad at 



. (' \V. B.) 



( ISKALOOSA. a city of Iowa, county-seat of .Ma 

 haska co., is 60 miles east of Des Moines, on the S. W. 

 branch of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Hail- 

 road and the Central Railroad of Iowa. Oskaloosa is 

 at the centre of the Iowa bituminous coal-fields. It 

 has a fine court-house, which cost $150,000, an opera- 

 house, 4 hotels 2 national banks, 2 other banks, 1 

 daily and 3 weekly newspapers, 9 churches, 5 schools, 

 and 3 colleges. The industrial works comprise 2 

 foundries, electric manufacturing, boiler-works, bridge- 

 works, and flouring-mills. The city is lighted with 

 gas and electricity, and has a park and water-works. 

 Its property is assessed at $1,200,000, but is worth 

 four times as much. The public debt is $45,000, and 

 the yearly expenses about $21,000. Oskaloosa was 

 settle. 1 in (Miami incorporated in 1848. The popu- 

 lation in 1S80 was 4598, but now exceeds 7000. 



OSMAN PACHA, a Turkish general, was born at 

 Tokat, Asia Minor, in 1832. Having been educated 

 at the military school at Constantinople, he entered 

 the cavalry in I8.">4, and served under Omar Pacha. 

 In 1 800 he was engaged in Syria and in 1 867 in Crete, 

 where he became lieutenant-colonel. In 1874 he was 

 made brigadier-general after taking part in the expe- 

 dition to Yemen. He was afterwards^ placed in charge 

 of the operations against the Servians. After the 

 Russians in 1877 had crossed the Danube, Osiuan 

 Pacha defeated their Ninth corps near I'lcvna, and 

 then thoroughly fortified that city. On Sept. 14th he 

 repulsed the Russian besiegers with a loss of 20,000 

 men. On Dec. 10th he made a gallant but unsuccess- 

 ful effort to break through the Russian Hues. Being 

 wounded he was obliged to capitulate, surrendering 

 40,000 men and 400 cannon. His skilful conduct of 

 the siege had given him fame as an enquirer and com- 

 mander. After the war, in March, 1878, the reorgan- 

 iiation of the Turkish army was entrusted to him. 

 He was made minister of war, commander of the im- 

 perial guard, and chief of the artillery. His influence 

 with the sultan was, for a time, very great in spite of 

 the jealousy of other ministers, bat in 1880 he re- 

 signed and retired to private life. 



OSWEGO, a city of New York, county-seat of Os- 

 wego co., is on the S.E. shore of Like Ontario, at the 

 mouth of the Oswego River, here crossed by three 

 iron bridges. It is 35 miles N.N.W. of Syracuse, 

 with which it U connected both by railroad anil e.mal. 

 Its xite in elevated, and towards the south there is a 

 bluff rimng IfiO ft. above the lake. The principal edi- 

 fices are the (I. S. government building, court -house. 

 city-hall, the State armor)', and Home churches. Os- 

 wego has 5 national hanks he.sides other banks. 20 

 churche*. normal, training and graded schools. u daily 

 and 3 weekly newspapers. It is the chief port on 

 Lake Ontario, and has a large breakwater, 4 miles of 

 wharveH, and IJ i-r.iin elevators. Grain and lumber 

 are the chief imports and coal, flour, anil salt the ex- 

 port*. Within the limits of the city the Oswego 



River has a fall of .'14 f.-et, and there arc 'i dams to 

 ai-t the canal navigation. The abundant water 

 power h.i.- rend. o a noted ni.uiutaetiiriiig 



city. The March -factory is the largest in the world, 

 occupying lo aere.s of ground and having buildings 

 -.veil stories high. There are also Hour mills, iron- 

 foundries, machine-shops, ship yard-, ear shops, knitt- 

 ing-mills, etc. Fort Oswego was built in 1727, and 

 was noted in the French and Indian war. In 1814 it 

 was captured by the llritish. In is-js the village was 

 incorporated, and in 1S48 it was made a city. In 1880 

 its population wa> 21. I In. 



OTIS, 1 1. \uiimoN GRAY (I7iv. I !.>). Federalist, 

 was son of Samuel Alldyne Oti> <l7fiHM4). who 

 was secretary of the U. S. Senate from 1 T.V.I to 1814, 

 and nephew of Jaincs Otis (for whom HI ENOTOLO- 



I'.KDIA HltlTAN.VlrA). He Was liorll at Boston ()e(. S, 

 graduated ( Harvard College ill 17s:;. and was 

 admitted to the bar in ITSti. He served in the State 

 legislature and in Congress. In 1801 he was ap- 

 pointed U. S. district attorney for Massachusetts, but 

 soon re-entered the Stale legislature and presided in 

 turn over each branch until isll. With his party he 

 opposed the war with England, and he took a promi- 

 nent part in the Hartford Convention, of which he 

 afterwards published a Defence (]^'2\). Meantime he 

 bad been a judge of the court of common pleas and 

 in 1818 had been again elected to Congress. His last 

 public service was as mayor of Boston in lS2'.i. but he 

 lived nearly twenty years longer, and died in that city 

 Oct 28, 1848. 



OTTAWA, a city of Illinois, county-seat of La 

 Salle co., is at the confluence of the Fox and Illinois 

 Rivers. 82 miles S. W. of Chicago, on the Chicago, 

 Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad, and on a branch of 

 the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad. There 

 are three bridges across the Fox River and two across 

 the Illinois, besides the bridges over the Illinois and 

 Michigan Canal. The city has a State Supreme court- 

 house, a county court-house, 2 national banks, 7 

 weekly and 2 daily papers, 6 hotels, 12 churches, 8 

 schools besides the high school, and the Reddick 

 Library. The abundant supply of white sand in the 

 vicinity gives facilities for glass-making.there being 

 i'i furnaces, one of which produces the Bastie lamp- 

 chimneys. There are also tile-works, fire-proofing- 

 factories, flour-mills, a foundry, and manufactories of 

 agricultural implements, wagons, organs, and pianos. 

 Ottawa is lieautifnlly situated on a level plateau about 

 30 ft. above the river, has excellent drainage and an 

 abundant water supply, both from a natural reservoir 

 formed by a gravel bed on the south side of the city 

 and from numerous artesian wells. Thoe wells, hav- 

 ing an average depth of 350 ft., give a supply of 50 

 gallons each per minute. The analysis of the Ottawa 

 mineral spring, by Prof. Benjamin Silliman. showed it 

 fairly c<|\ial in bromine and iodine to the Saratoga 

 Springs. Ottawa was settled in 183_0, incorporated in 

 1838 as a village and in 1S53 as a city. It is lighted 

 M and electric light. Its property is valued at 

 $ 1. 2."in.t :u, and its city debt is $17.500; the yearly 

 disbursements are about $50,000. Its population in 

 1880 was 7834. 



OTTER. Concerning the North Pacific sea-otter, 

 A'A.i/i/m lutrix. it will be MiiHicicnt to 

 * add that their furs at present com- 

 'l'.''; ''' "' manil an exceedingly high price, the 

 principal market or port for their col- 

 lection and shipment In-ing the little town of Belk- 

 otsky in Alaska, though considerable niiinlicrs are taken 

 in some years much farther to the south. 



The most common otter of North America \sLntrn 

 i-<iiiti</fiiiti*, a true otter, much larirer than the closely 

 kiii'lnd Kuropean species. Specimens measuring five 

 fed from the end of the nose to the tip of the tail are 

 in ii nn. -.1111111011 in remote places. This species ranges 

 throughout North America, but is exceedingly rare 

 in well-settled districts. Some have classed the L, 



