PALEY PALMER. 



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PALEY, FREDERICK APTHORP, an English clas 

 sical scholar, was born at Easingwold, near York, Eng- 

 land, in 1816. He is a grandson of Rev. William 

 Paley (1743-1805), the celebrated author of The Evi- 

 dence* i>f Christianity, for whom see the ENCYCLO- 

 PAEDIA BRITANNICA. Frederick graduated at Cam- 

 bridge in 1838, and was tutor there until 1846, when 

 he became a Roman Catholic. He then retired to 

 London, where he edited with great ability ^Eschylus, 

 Sophocles, Euripides, Hesiod, Theocritus, and other 

 classics. He translated into English the tragedies of 

 ^jscliylus and the odes of Pindar. He was a friend 

 of Pugin ami in early life gave much attention to 

 Gothic architecture. His Manual of Gothic Mouldings 

 has passed through several editions. He also pub- 

 lished ,1 Ma iiiin/ 1,/ (intkic Architecture and essays on 

 kindred subjects, and Greek Wit, a collection of say- 

 ings and stories from the Greek prose-writers. 



PALFREY. JOHN GORHAM (1796-1881), historian, 

 was born at Boston, May 2, 1796. His grandfather, 

 Col. William Palfrey (1741-1780), was paymaster-gen- 

 eral of the Revolutionary army, and was lost at sea 

 while on his way to France as consul-general. John 

 graduated at Harvard College in 1815, an 1 became 

 minister of Brattle Street (Unitarian) Church in 1818. 

 He was Dexter professor of sacred literature in Har- 

 vard College from 1831 to 1839, and edited the North 

 American Review from 1836 to 1843. He was a 

 member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1842, and 

 secretary of state from 1844 to 1847. In 1846 he 

 published in the Boston Whig a series of articles on 

 'The Progress of the Slave-Power." In 1847 he was 

 elected to Congress as an anti-slavery Whig but served 

 only one term. He was defeated as candidate for 

 governor in 1851, and then retired from public life, 

 devoting himself to literature. He was called forth 

 again in 1861 to become postmaster of Boston, which 

 office he held five years. He died at Cambridge, 

 Mass., April 26, 1881. Besides a History of the 

 church to which he had ministered, and a biography 

 of his grandfather, he published his lectures on The 

 Jewish 8crint<tre and Antiquities (4 vols., 1833-52), 

 on The Evidences of Christianity, and on the Relation 

 n Judaism and Christianity (1854). His most 

 noted work is the History of New England, of which 

 three volumes appeared (1858-64), bringing the work 

 down to 1688, the end of the first cycle in the author's 

 division. He then abridged this work into two 

 volumes (1866) and afterwards continued the abridged 

 edition in two more volumes (1872-73), bringing the 

 history down to 1765. His work is written with force, 

 dignity, and impartiality, and gives a faithful picture 

 of the toils and struggles of the people of New Eng- 

 land in founding a virtuous republic. 



His son, FRANCIS WINTHROP PALFREY, born April 

 11, 1831, graduated at Harvard in 1851, and studied 

 law. In the civil war he served as lieutenant-colonel 

 of a Massachusetts regiment, and was severely 

 wounded. He has published Antietam and Fred- 

 ericksliurg (1882) and some other volumes. 



PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER, an English poet, 

 was born at London, Sept. 28, 1824. He was the son 

 of Sir Francis Palgrave (1788-1861), the historian of 

 Normandy, for whom see the ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

 BRITANNICA. He was educated at the Charter house 

 School and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he grad- 

 uated in 1844. He was chosen a fellow of Exeter 

 College, and was afterwards vice-principal of a train- 

 ing school at Kneller Hall for five years. He was long 

 employed in the educational bureau of the Privy 

 Council. Ha has been both author and editor of 

 lyric poems and hymns. His works comprise Idyls 

 and Songs (1854); Hjfmni (1807); Lyrical Poems 

 (1871); and some publications on art. His collection 

 called The Golden Treasury of Enylixh Lyrical Poetry 

 (1861) is deservedly famous. He was appointed pro- 

 fessor of |)oetry at Oxford in 1886. 



His brother, WILUAAI GIFFOBD PALORAVE, was 



born at Westminster, Jan. 24, 1826. He was educated 

 at the Charter house and at Trinity College, Oxford, 

 where he graduated in 1846. He was an officer in the 

 Indian army until 1853, when he entered the Roman 

 Catholic Church. Becoming a Jesuit, he studied 

 theology at Laval, France, was ordained a priest and 

 sent as a missionary to Syria. Having become well 

 versed in Arabic and in Mohammedan theology, he 

 went in 1862 in the disguise of a physician through 

 the Wahabite kingdoms of Central Arabia. After 

 his return to Europe in 1863 he left the order of the 

 Jesuits. In 1865 he went to Abyssinia to procure the 

 release of the British prisoners held by King Theo- 

 dore. He was appointed British consul at Souk- 

 houni-Kale' in 1866, at Trebizond in 1867, at St. 

 Thomas, West Indies, in 1873, at Manilla in 1876, and 

 consul-general to Bulgaria in 1878, and to Siani in 

 1880. He has published A Year's Journey throni/k 

 Central and Eastern Arabia (1865) ; Essays on Eastern 

 Questions (1872) ; Hermann Aaha (1872) ; Alkamah's 

 Cave (1875) ; Dutch Guiana (1878). 



PALMER, BENJAMIN MORGAN, Presbyterian min- 

 ister, was born at Charleston, S. C., Jan, 25, 1818. 

 He graduated at the University of Georgia in 1838, 

 and at Columbia Theological Seminary in 1841. He 

 was then- ordained pastor of the First Presbyterian 

 Church, Savannah, but two years later accepted a call 

 to a pastorate in Columbia. Here he was also a 

 director of the Theological Seminary, and from 1853 

 to 1856 was its professor of church history and polity. 

 In 1856 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian 

 Church in New Orleans. He assisted in founding the 

 Southern Presbyterian Review in 1847, and has since 

 been one of its editors. He earnestly supported the 

 secession movement and the Confederate cause. In 

 1861 he was moderator of the first General Assembly 

 of the Southern Presbyterian Church at Augusta, Ga. 

 He published Life and Letters of J. H. Tlumucell 

 (1875) ; The Family in its Civil and Churcldy Aspects 

 (1876) ; and some volumes of sermons. 



PALMER, ERASTUS Dow, sculptor, was born in 

 Onondaga co., N. Y., April 2, 1817. He was a 

 carpenter at Utica, N. Y., for several years, but in 1846 

 settled at Albany and engaged in cameo-cutting. 

 Finding this occupation injurious to his sight he 

 turned to sculpture, being now thirty-five years of age. 

 His first work was The Infant Ceres, modelled from 

 one of his own children. He then made bas-reliefs, 

 The Morning Star, The Evening Star, Resignation, 

 Peace in Bondage. Among his full-length figures arc 

 an Indian Girl Finding a Crucifix, The White Captive, 

 and The Emigrant's Children. For the Capitol at 

 Washington he made, in 1857, a group of sixteen 

 figures, representing The Landing of the Pilgrims, but 

 it was placed in the pediment for which it was 

 designed. Palmer has also made portrait busts of 

 Com. M. C. Perry, Washington Irving, Gov. E. D. 

 Morgan, and others. He did not visit Europe until 

 1873, when he spent some time in study at Paris. 

 His statue of R. R. Livingston obtained a first-class 

 medal at the Centennial Exhibition. His conceptions 

 are highly poetic, and are wrought out with strict re- 

 gard to nature. Several of his best works are ideal 

 medallions. 



His son, WALTER LUNT PALMER, burn at Albany, 

 Aug. 1, 1854, studied art in Paris, and settled at New 

 York in 1877, devoting himself chiefly to landscape- 

 painting. In 1882 he removed to Albany. Among 

 his works are An Editor's Study (1880); Venice 

 (1882) ; The Oat-Field (1884) ; January (1887). 



PALMER, JAMES CROXALL (1811-1883), surgeon- 

 general U. S. navy, was .born at Baltimore, Md., June 

 29, 1811. He graduated at Dickinson College in 

 1829 and studied medicine in the University of Mary- 

 land. In 1 834 he entered the naval service as assistant- 

 surgeon, and within a year sailed around the world. 

 In 1838 he joined Wilkes's exploring expedition and 

 encountered various perils in the Antarctic regions. 



