PAPAW PAPER. 



129 



ship of anatomy. Resigning in 1 874, be was succeeded 

 by his son, Dr. William H. Pancoast (born Oct. 16, 

 1835). He was noted for his bold and successful sur- 

 gical operations, and introduced many improvement 

 which nave been adopted by other surgeons. He was 

 especially successful in rhinoplasty, in removal of 

 tumors, and in amputations at the hip-joint. For the 

 latter he devised an abdominal tourniquet. He died 

 at Philadelphia March 7, 1 882. He published ir Tn' 

 ine OH Operative Surgery (1844) which passed through 

 several editions, and revised Wistar's System of Anat- 

 omy and other works. He also contributed frequently 

 to the American Journal of the Medical Sciences and 

 other professional periodicals. 



PAPAW (Malay JHIJHII/U), the fruit of Carica pa- 

 paya, a small South American tree, whose fruit, 

 though not very palatable, is eaten. The root of the 



naaw tree has an offensive odor, and the juice of the 

 it, before ripening, contains a remarkable albumi- 

 nous substance resembling fibrine. This plant is said 

 to have the property of rendering meat tender. Newly 

 killed meat hung among the leaves becomes soft and 

 delicate, and the flesh of hogs and poultry fed on its 

 leaves or fruit becomes remarkably tender. 



The name of papaw is also given to Aximina trilnba, 

 a North American tree of from 10 to 20 ft. in height, 

 and to several smaller species of Axlmiim. The roots 



The North American Papaw. 



and bark of these trees have an extremely nauseous 

 odor. The ripe fruit is about 3 in. long u y 1J in. 

 thick, of yellowish color and irregular oval form. The 

 pulp is soft and insipid, containing several large seeds. 

 It has no marketable value, though eaten to some 

 extent. The tree grows in the sandy regions of 

 Georgia and Florida. (c. M.) 



I 'A PER. This article is confined to the manufacture 

 8e V 1 XVIII ^ P a P er * n America. The development 

 > '21? (p 2*'l ^ * ne P a P er ' Ilia ' c ing industry of the 

 Am. Rp ) United States as to most of its details 



is of comparatively recent growth, but 

 not the less noteworthy and remarkable. The first 

 paper-mill in North America was established in 1690 

 by \\ illiam Rittinghuysen, whose descendants, under 

 the name of Rittennouse, perpetuate this Dutch 

 patronymic. Rittinghuvsen, associating himself with 

 William Bradford, the Philadelphia printer, built his 

 mijl in Roxborough, on Paper-mill Run, near the 

 Wissahickon Creek, and about 2 miles from the Schuyl- 

 kill Hivcr. This locality is now included within the 

 limii> of the city of Philadelphia. Twenty years later 

 (1710) the second paper-mill in America was built in 

 Germantown (now also a part of Philadelphia) by 

 William l)o\Vi:cx. The tliird paper-mill was also 

 started in Pennsylvania in 1728, ana in 1730 the first 

 mill in New England was opened at Milton, Mass. 

 By 1770 furty mills were in operation in Pennsylvania, 

 New Jersey, and Delaware ; while in 1775, at the out- 



break of the Revolution, only four are on record as being 

 located in New England. The first mill in New Jersey 

 was started by Bradford in 1728. 



These earliest beginnings were followed by enter- 

 prises of a similar kind in the other English colonies, 

 a detailed account of which is unnecessary. The 

 growth of the industry during 120 years is illustrated 

 by the fact that in 1810 there were said to be 185 mills 

 in the United States. Until this time the materials 

 used in paper-making had been solely of home produc- 

 tion, but in 1810 rags were first imported from 

 Europe. 



In 1817 there is the first record of a paper-making 

 machine in America. This is believed to have been a 

 cylinder machine. The first Fourdrinier machine in 

 use in this country was set up at Saugerties, N. Y. , 

 and started by Peter Adams on Oct. 24, 1827. This 

 was followed by others, and some of the most impor- 

 tant changes in paper-making mechanism have since 

 that time found birth in America. In 1828 the system 

 of uniting two sheets of paper in the process of forma- 

 tion so as to make a thicker sheet was invented and 

 put in operation here. 



Various improvements in paper-making machinery 

 have been made from time to time. The Fourdrinier, 

 while preserving its form and essential principles, lias 

 not been neglected, but in many respects has received 

 the benefit of American invention. So, too, with the 

 cylinder machine, which has developed from a single 

 cylinder to two, three, and four cylinders. The Har- 

 per improved Fourdrinier, invented by James Harper, 

 of New Haven, is a combination of the Fourdrinier and 

 cylinder machines, the direction of motion requiring 

 that the Fourdrinier shall be turned end for end. It 

 would be impossible, however, to review all of the 

 details of the changes in paper-machines and in paper- 

 making machinery in general. In all of the processes, 

 from the handling of the raw material to the output of 

 the finished product, in the preparation and cleaning 

 of the stock, in the work of boiling, beating, and 

 reducing paper-making fibres to pulp fit for conversion 

 into paper, and in carrying forward the work of manu- 

 facture, the skill of the American inventor and artisan 

 has been called into play. Not the least noteworthy 

 fact in this connection is the increase in the speed of 

 the Fourdrinier machine, the rapidity of manufacture 

 in America being regarded with surprise by the paper- 

 makers of other countries. While this machine formerly 

 ran at a rate of speed capable of producing 24 lineal ft. 

 of paper per minute, afterwards increasing to 40 ft. , 

 which was regarded as an important advance in manu- 

 facture, American machines are now speeded up to the 

 production of 250 lineal ft. of paper, the full width of 

 the machine, and this is not regarded as an extraor- 

 dinary occurrence except by those who are unfamiliar 

 with American paper-making and its methods. 



In the preparation of the pulp much improvement 

 has been gained by the introduction of what are called 

 refining-engines, of which those known by the names 

 of their respective inventors are the type. These 

 embrace the Kingsland engine, the Jordan, the Gould, 

 the Jeffers, and the Marshall, all of which are in use, 

 some of them in Europe, although the introduction of 

 these machines in European paper-mills has been slow, 

 and their employment there for the most part is of 

 recent growth. As adjuncts of the paper-machine and 

 for finishing purposes the calenders, consisting of sets 

 of metal or paper rolls combined in a frame, and 

 forming what is called a stack, have also been the 

 subject of improvements. Chilled-iron rolls are used 

 in these stacks, and one of the most important improve- 

 ments in connection therewith has been the invention 

 of a machine for grinding the faces of these rolls and 

 rendering them true and perfectly cylindrical. This 

 machine is of American origin, and the only one of its 

 kind. Various devices for use in connection with the 

 calenders, such as calender-feeds, etc., have also orig- 

 inated in the United States, and become recognized 



