I'APINKAir-PAKPOK. 



appendage* of the machine. As the paper after paw- 

 ing through the calender* has sometimes to be wound 

 and uiadc intu rolls, mi ipnaBoVfl known an a winding- 

 machine, anil by wliirli the paper can be wound into 

 different length, after being oul into widths * it passes 

 fruuj tin- calenders, has Urn invented. This winder 

 has several reeling devices automatic in action, and 

 maintains an even tension on cadi separate strip or 

 !' papvr. and ill case one strip breaks tin- other 

 rolls stop until a spliee is inailo of the broken web. 

 Aside from these mechanical improvements noted than 

 arc tuany oi her-. The means tor conveying power to 

 the machinery have all been largely improved, but 

 M and many other details must IK' passed by. 



In considering the growth of the American paper 

 industry the results of the introduction of mechanically 

 prepared wood-pulp and of wood-fibre produced \<\ 

 chemical treatment must not be overlooked. The 

 method of grinding wood so as to render it useful as n 

 raw material for paper was introduced in the United 

 States about Isr.y-To. This was the first great step 

 in the cheai>cning process for ordinary news- and print- 

 papers, and it ha* served to bring down the price of 

 the manufactured article BO that the product which 

 was sold as late as 1 879 at 9 cts. per Ib. is now (1888) 

 to be bought for 4 cts., and is at the same time of 

 bitter quality. This cheapening process has _been 

 aided by improvements in pulp-making machinery 

 made by American inventors, but is chiefly due to the 

 growth of this branch of the paper-making industry, 

 aided by a tariff" which has encouraged the extension 

 11) thi- industry and increased home competition. The 

 chemical treatment of wood, resulting in what is known 

 as wood-fibre, possessing stronger characteristics than 

 wood-pulp, and which goes into finer grades of paper. 

 was iiiauiMiratcd in this country in 1854. Tl. 

 sifted in the reduction of the wood to its pure fibre . or 

 cellulose, by boiling and treatment with alkaline solu- 

 tions. The process is generally known as the soda 

 process, and was first put in operation at Royer's Ford, 

 Pa., where it is still practised, and has since extended 

 to various parts of the country. This alkali or soda 

 process induced many mechanical inventions for its 

 pertcction and development. Of late another 

 leal process of disintegrating wood and separating its 

 fibres so as to adapt them for conversion into paper has 

 ootne into competition with the alkali process, and with 

 marked influence on the latter. This is known as the 

 bisulphite process, and consists in treating wood under 

 pressure with a solution of sulphurous acid in combi- 

 nation with a base. This is essentially an American 

 invention. It was suggested and patented by Til.irh- 

 tnan, of Philadelphia, in 1 sd'.i. but its costliness pre- 

 vcnted its practical application and development at that 

 time. Later, the process was taken up in Europe, and 

 means for conducting it on a profitable basis were 

 perfected, the American process maintaining its posi- 

 tion as a foundation principle. This fibre goes into 

 various grades of print- and writing-papers. 



There are two other features of American paper- 

 Baking which have had influence on the industry at 

 large. The first is the manufacture of straw-boards, 

 which was started by (i. A. Shryock, of Chambershurg, 

 Pa. t in IH29, and is still continued, improvements 

 having been made in this branch of production also. 

 Coated-paper fur line book-work is the other. The 

 .' attained in the production of illustrations in 

 magazines has been due to a finish given to the surface 

 of the paper by means of a white coating after the paper 

 ha- in-. !! made. 



The latest and what promises to be one of the most im- 

 portant chance, in paper-making methods has been re 

 o-ntly developed. This is the process of bleaching paper- 

 pulp by the employment of electricity, which is utilized 

 to electroly/.c the bleaching solution. This is also the 

 invention of an \ HP i i, -an : first put into Successful and 

 practical operation in Isss. It effects a great saving 

 of bleaching material, and insures an economy in manu- 



facture which may iii'l 'Union in the produc- 



tion of what are known an bleaohing-powders. 



In concluding this condensed review of paper-making 

 in America some further statistic.- of the trade will In- 

 found of interest. There arc in the United States 

 about ll(Ml paper- and pulp mills, 'flic mills located 

 in other part.s of America number 83. These, with 

 thus.- projected, and on which the work of construction 

 has begun, will douh:!i - make the record for 1888 

 fully equal to I21H) mills representing this important 

 industry in this hemisphere. There are in the Domin- 

 ion of Canada f>:>. paper- and pulp-in ills ; in Mexico_ 1 1 

 paper-uiills ; while in all of the remainder of America, 

 including the West India islands, there are only 12 

 mills. 



The value of the paper manufactured in the United 

 in IMM was estimated at $3,000,000, and the 

 business gave employment to 5000 hands. In 1873 

 the production was 317.387 tons, the capital invested 

 was $43,500.000, and the help employed numbered 

 2i'.(>4 During the last eight years the American 

 paper industry has advanced from No. 21, as classified 

 among the manufacturing industries of the country in 

 the census tables of 1880, to No. 14 in ihe same classi- 

 fication, having nearly doubled in value. The follow- 

 ing are the statistics of the trade for 1887 : 



Capital invested $80,000,000 



Tons of pa|>er made 1,200,000 



Value ot product $95,000,000 



Number of bandit employed 40,000 



Wages paid $18,500,000 



The total (7/it7i/ producing capacity (in Ibs.) of the 

 paper- and pulp-mills of the United States for the 

 years undermentioned is given in Lockwood's Din >/"!>/ 

 of (lie Paper-Trade. (14th ed.) as follows: 1881, 

 5,315,400 Ibs. ; 1883, 6,949,800 Ibs. ; 1884, 7,867,830 

 Ibs. ; 1885, 8,147,060 Ibs. ; 1886-87, 8,354,480 Ibs. 



(J. A. C.) 



PAPINBAU, Louis JOSEPH (1789-1871), a Cana- 

 dian politician, was born at Montreal in October, 1789. 

 He was educated at Quebec and admitted to the bar. 

 but did not practice. Elected in ISo'.t to the provincial 

 parliament, he became the speaker of the house in 

 1815. l>jrd Dalhousie tried to neutralize his influence 

 as leader of the French party by making him a mem- 

 ber of the executive council, but I'apineau would not 

 attend its meetings. When he was again chosen 

 speaker in 1827 Lord Dalhousie adjourned the parlia- 

 ment. Papineau prepared the list of grievances sub- 

 sequently known as the '.12 Resolutions, which he sup- 

 ported in the house and afterwards by speeches 

 throughout the country. He also recommended com- 

 mercial non-intercourse with England. In 1836 he 

 induced the parliament to vote only six months' sup- 

 plies to the government, but the measure was vetoed, 

 and the administration conducted without regard to 

 parliament. As long as the French party followed 

 I'apineau, their opposition was confined within peace- 

 ful limits, but when they took up arms he publicly 

 declared that resistance by constitutional means would 

 alone avail. The rebels were soon defeated and Papi- 

 neau. who was proclaimed an outlaw, took refuge in 

 the United States. Thence he passed to F'-ance. but 

 in 1847 he returned to Canada under the amnesty of 

 Islo. and was again elected to parliament. Though 

 he retained his popularity, he did not resume his lead- 

 ership. In l,H. r )4 he retired from public life, and he 

 died at Montebi llo. Sept. -j:i. IsTl. 



I'AKDOK, .Iri.iA (lsiMi-ISC.2), an English author 

 noted for abundance of her literary labor, was born at 

 Meverley, Yorkshire, in ISoC,. At the age of i:i sin- 

 had produced a volume of poems, and at 15 a novel. 

 Her travels on the Continent and residence at Con- 

 stantinople furnished material tor descriptive works 

 and romance-. In I S.V.I .she received a literal', pension 

 from the- Hiiti-h government. She died N'ov. 26, 

 1862. Her most important works were Trail* and 



