PARDON PARKER. 



131 



Traditions of Portugal (1833); City oj the Sultan 

 (1836); Romance of the Harem (1839); City of the 

 Magyar (1840); Louis the Fourteenth (1847); Court 

 of Francis I. (1849); Episodes of French History 

 (1859). 



PARDON. In addition to what is said in the EN- 

 CYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICAj VoL XVIII., p. 271 (p. 

 276 Am. Rep.), it will suffice to mention that the rale 

 or usage in the several States of the American Union 

 in regard to the exercise of the pardoning power may 

 be found in the second part of the article CONSTITU- 

 TION, treating of the "State Constitutions." 



PARE PA-ROSA. See ROSA. 



PARIS, Louis PHILIPPE D' ORLEANS, COMTE DE, 

 was born in Paris, Aug. 24, 1838, being the eldest son 

 of the Duke of Orleans and grandson of King Louis 

 Philippe. He was educated by Adolphe Regnier, at 

 Paris, and after the Revolution of 1848 at Eisenach. 

 He became proficient in foreign languages and travelled 

 extensively. In 1860 he went with his brother, the 

 Due de Chartres, to Syria, and published Damas et le 

 Liban (186J). The brothers came to America after 

 the outbreak of the civil war, and in September, 1861, 

 were placed on the staff of Gen. McClellan. They 

 remained with him until after the failure of his cam- 

 paign against Richmond, when they retired to escape 

 the complications growing out of the French opera- 

 tions in Mexico. On the declaration of war between 

 France and Prussia, the Comte de Paris applied for 

 permission to enter the French army, but was refused. 

 In 1873, by his visit to the Comte de Chambord, at 

 Frohsdorf, the breach between the two branches of the 

 former royal family was healed. On the death of 

 Chambord in 1883 the Comte de Paris was recognized 

 as heir to his pretensions to the throne of France. 

 Yet he lived under the Republic, at Paris, or at his 

 Chateau d'Eu, and held the rank of lieutenant-colonel 

 in the army until 1886. He was then obliged to with- 

 draw from the country, and in November, 1887, he 

 issued an address advising the French people to restore 

 the monarchy. His literary ability was shown first in 

 contributions to the Revue des Deux Mondes of articles 

 on various public questions. With his brother he pub- 

 lished Due <f Orleans, campagmes deT armte d Afriqiie. 

 1835-39 (1870). His most important work is the tlis- 

 toire de la Guerre civile en AnUrique (6 vols., 1874-S4), 

 of which an American edition has been issued, trans- 

 lated by Dr. Henry Coppe*. Though not free from 

 errors, it is the best history of the war yet published. 



PARK, EDWARDS AMASA, theologian, was born at 

 Providence, R. I., Dec. 29, 1808. He graduated in 

 >-J'i. at Brown University, where his father, Calvin 



Park (1774-1847), was professor, and in 1831 at An- 

 dover Theological Seminary. He was pastor of the 

 Congregational Church at Braintree, Mass., four years, 

 ami then became professor of moral and intellectual 

 philosophy in Amherst College. In 1836 he was made 

 professor of sacred rhetoric at Andpver, and in 1847 

 professor of Christian theology, which post he held 

 forty-four years, resigning in 1881. He was a fore- 

 most representative of what is called New England 

 theology. He was active in literary work, and was one 

 of the founders and editors of the Bibliotheca Sacrn. 

 II ted the works of W. B. Homer (1842), B. B. 

 Edwwda (1853), S. Hopkins (1852), and N. Emmons 

 (186|) and wrote the accompanying memoirs, and also 

 published biographies of other divines. To the Dis- 

 courses and Ti-i'iitlsrx on the Atonement (1859) he fur- 

 ni.-hcd an introduction on The Kite of the Edwardean 

 Tlfnii/ of the Atonement. With Dr. Austin Phelps 

 !K' edited Tin' S,,/,!,,,th Hymn- Book (1S&&). and Hymns 

 n,i,l ( 'holrs (I860). After his retirement he published 

 IH.-.i-iiin-si's mi Tliriil<i<i!cal Doctrines as related to Relig- 

 itsus Character (1885). 



PABKE, JOHN GRUBB, general, was born near 

 Coatcsville, p a ., Sept. 22, 1827. He graduated at 

 Wr->t I'l.int in 1849, and entered the topographical 

 engineers. His principal work was on the north-west 



boundary survey until the outbreak of the civil war. 

 In November, 1861, he was made brigadier-general of 

 volunteers, and took part in Gen. Burnside\ expedi- 

 tion to North Carolina. In August, 1862, he accom- 

 panied Gen. Burnside when he joined the Army of 

 the Potomac, served as his chief of staff at South 

 Mountain and Antietam, and continued in the same 

 position when Burnside took command of the whole 

 army. After the battle of Fredericksburg, Gen. Parke 

 had command of the Ninth corps in its march to 

 Vicksburg, and commanded the left wing of Gen. 

 Sherman's army at Jackson, July 12, 1863. When 

 Gen. Burnside resumed command of the Ninth corps, 

 Gen. Parke had a divisionand was engaged in the de- 

 fence of Knoxville_. In the campaign of 1864 against 

 Richmond he again assumed command of the Ninth 

 corps and took part in various operations until Gen. 

 Lee's^ surrender. In 1864 he had teen made major in 

 the Engineer corps, and after the close of the war he 

 was engaged in the office of the chief of that corps. 

 He rose to the rank of colonel in 1884, and in June, 

 1887, was made superintendent of West Point 

 Academy. 



PARKER, AMASA JUNTOS, jurist, was born at 

 Sharon, Conn., June 2, 1807. Removing to New 

 York in -early life, he became a teacher, and in 1825 

 graduated at Union College. In 1828 he was admitted 

 to the bar and formed a partnership with his uncle, 

 Amasa Parker, of Delhi, N. Y. In 1833 he was 

 elected to the State legislature, and in 1837 to Con- 

 gress, where he served one term. In 1844 he became 

 vice-chancellor of New York, and later a judge of the 

 State Supreme Court. In 1859 he was appointed U. 

 S. district attorney. He was afterwards member of 

 State constitutional conventions but held no office. 

 He was active in procuring reform in the procedure of 

 the courts of New York. He published 6 volumes 

 of Reports (1855-69), and assisted in preparing the 

 Revised Statutes (3 vols., 1859). 



PARKER, FOXHALL ALEXANDER (1821-1879), 

 commodore, was born in New York city, Aug. 5, 1821, 

 being a son of a naval captain of the same name. He 

 graduated from the naval school in 1843, and served 

 against the Seminole Indians, on the Coast Survey, 

 and in the Mediterranean squadron. On the outbreak 

 of the civil war he was made executive officer at the 

 Washington navy-yard and he frequently gave assist- 

 ance to the operations of the army in that vicinity. 

 With the rank of commander in 1862, he was engaged 

 off Wilmington, Yorktown, and Charleston, having 

 charge at the latter of a naval battery on Morris Isl- 

 and. Afterwards he commanded the Potomac flotilla 

 till the close of the war, and was promoted to be cap- 

 tain for his services. In 1872 he was made chief-of- 

 staff to the North Atlantic fleet and from 1873 to 1876 

 was chief signal officer of the navy. In 1878 he was 

 appointed superintendent of the Naval Academy. He 

 died at Annapolis, Md., June 10, 1879. He published 

 treatises on howitzers and naval tactics which are used 

 as text-books in the U. S. Naval Academy. He also 

 translated from the Spanish Ella, or Spain Fifty 

 Yean Ago (1866), and published Fleets of the World; 

 the Galley Period (1876) ; and the Battle of Mobile Bay 

 (1878). 



PARKER, JOEL (1795-1875), jurist, was born at 

 Taffrey, N. H., Jan. 25, 1795. He graduated at Dart- 

 mouth College in 1811 and became a lawyer at Keene, 

 N. II. In 1833 he was made a judge of the State 

 Supreme Court and in 1838 became chief-justice. In 

 1K40 he was chairman of a committee to revise the 

 laws of New Hampshire, and in 1847 was made pro- 

 fessor in Harvard University. He died at Cambridge, 

 Aug. 17, 1875. Among his numerous publications 

 were Personal Liberty Laws (1861) ; War Powers of 

 Congress and the President (1863) ; Revolution and 

 Reconstruction (1866) ; The Three Powers of Govern- 

 ment (1867): Conflict of Decisions (1871). 



PARKER, JOEL, D. D. (1799-1873), was born at 



