144 



PARTON PARTRIDGE. 



txpnet stipulation to the contrary. In such case the 

 partnership is dissolved as to tin- whole firm ; (3) by 

 At act of laic, as by the bankruptcy of one of the 

 partners ; (4) by a rnliil nm'gnntrnt of the partnership 

 effects for benefit of creditors. The mere insolvency 

 of one or all partners without suspension or judicial 

 process does not of itaelf operate as a dissolution ; (5) 

 by the cm/ death of one of the partners ; (r.) hy Itir 

 breaking out of tear between two states in which the 

 partners are severally domiciled and carrying on trade , 

 (7) by the marriage of a feme tole partner ; (s) In/ the 

 extinction of the nbject-maUrr of the joint business, or 

 by the completion of the business for which the part- 

 nership was formed ; (9) by th>- trriiiinatlun of the 

 period for which the partnership was formed ; (10) by 

 the attignmrnt of the whole of one partner's interest 

 either to his copartner or to a stranger; (II) by the 

 iiirt'ni af arbitrator* appointed under a clause in the 

 partnership articles. 



A dissolution of a partnership for a term will be de- 

 creed by reason of fraud or gross misconduct of a part- 

 ner. or gross carelessness and waste on his part in ad- 

 ministering its affairs, or violent and lasting dissensions 

 among the partners, or the hopeless condition of the 

 business, its continuance being impracticable, and the 

 property liable to be wasted and lost. Clear evidence 

 of a partner's lunacy will also induce a court to decree 

 a dissolution. 



Actual notice of dissolution must be brought home 

 to persons who have been in the habit of dealing with 

 the firm ; but as to persons who have had no previous 

 dealings with the lirui notice in the newspapers is 

 sufficient. This notice is necessary to terminate the 

 agency of each partner, and his powers and liabilities 

 as such. When the dissolution takes place by opera- 

 tion of law, or by the death of a partner, notice is not 



The effect of dissolution is to terminate all transac- 

 tions between the partners except for winding up the 

 concern, and to absolve the partners from all liability 

 for future transactions of the firm. The power of the 

 partners subsists, however, for some purposes, as for 

 the completion of all unfinished engagements of the 

 partnership ; the conversion of the assets for the bene- 

 fit of the partners ; the application of the partnership 

 funds to tne payment of the partnership debts. 



(T. R.) 



PARTON, JAMES, a popular author, was born 

 at Canterbury, England, Feb. 9. 1822, but was brought 

 to the I'nited States when five years old. He was 

 educated in the vicinity of New York, and after being 

 a teacher for seven years became a contributor to the 

 Nw York papers. His first work, The Life of Horace 

 Greeley (1855), contained fulness of research with an 

 anihnmaatic picturesque narrative. It has been en- 

 larged in subsequent editions and long remained pop- 

 ular. After completing The llumorout Poetry of the 



Lammaat (1857) he prepared The Life of 

 .\<n:,ii Burr (1859), which possessed much of the merit 

 of his first work, but was top partial to its subject. In 

 the appendix to a later edition (1865) many statements 

 of the first are recalled. Parton had in the meantime 

 published a bulky Lift of Andrew Jackxon (I860), 

 which showed equal diligence in hunting information 

 from obscure sources and great skill in its presentation. 

 Hi next biography was that of Benjamin Franklin 

 (1864), which gave him room for his love of anecdote 

 and sketching of character. His story of Gen. Butler 

 m New (Meant (1863) skilfully presented the facts 

 of_ the restoration of Union rule to a city in which the 

 spirit of the Southern Confederacy was dominant. After 

 the war Parton took up various social topics which he 

 discussed in magazines and reviews in an entertaining 

 and popular style. To this series belong Smnlfhiu mi 

 Drinking, How New York City it Governed the Work 

 uf Congreu, Roman Catlvilic* and Jeict. In the Tri- 

 i/ni/j/M nf Entfrjirie. Ingenuity and Public Spirit 

 (1871) he presented the story of the most remarkable 



, 



1). 



Am. Kep. 



invent ions of modern times. Another skilful compi- 

 lation is ('tirinitiii-rx in nil Tim-.- mnl /simlx (ISTil). 

 1'arton's best work, however, is in his biographies. 

 Fanuna American* of Recent Time* (18C7) is a oolW- 

 tion of brief sketches, but his/ i|S7i,) 



and Lifr J \'lt,iir, (1883) are elaborate works with 

 his characteristic excellencies. Parton is a man of the 

 people with the gift of story-telling. He cares little 

 for poetic genius, statecraft, or religion, and misses no 

 opportunity of deriding those whose station is due to 

 other causes than personal merit 



His wife, SARA PAYSON PARTON (Ml-l.*72), was 

 the sister of Nathaniel I'. Willis, She was twice 

 married, but, being reduced from affluence to poverty. 

 tried to support herself and two children by teaching 

 and afterwards by writing for the newspapers. Under 

 the pseudonym "Fanny Fern" she gained a remark- 

 able popularity. Of her F< n< L'-n-f* (1853) several 

 scries were issued. She also published two novels, 

 Unfit llnll (1857) and /,'-,., <'l,irk (1859). She was 

 married to Mr. Parton in 1 850 and after her death he 

 published /Tinny Fern. <i Mi-iiinrinl I 'oliime (1873). 



PARTRIDGE is a term used scarcely less loosely 

 XVIII ky ornithologists than by others, and its 

 iw iHr meaning depends upon circumstances. 



(I). OO/ T. L I -1 -II 



p.). Its newest technical equivalent rs Per- 

 (/id/in, by which is meant a subfamily 

 of the grouse family, 7<//-<i///'</. containing several 

 genera and many species of gallinaceous game-birds 

 of most parts of the world (especially the northern 

 hemisphere), which average less in size than grouse 

 and have the nasal fossae and the feet bare of 

 feathers. .Many of these birds have a characteristic 

 note which the word "partridge" in its several 

 forms seems to have been invented or designed to 

 express. 



In Britain the only indigenous partridge is that 

 sometimes designated as the gray partridge (Perdix 

 ciiierea) to distinguish it from another bird, Caccabit 

 nifa, which has been introduced and naturalized there. 

 (tor these as well as some other old-world species of 

 the above-named genera and others, see the article in 

 the ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA.) 



In English-speaking parts of the old world the 

 partridges of whatever kind are commonly distin- 

 midlM both from the grouse and from the quail, of 

 both of which there are various species and genera. 

 But in the United States the case is the reverse, for 

 some grouse are indifferently called "pheasant" and 

 " part ridge," and various birds are indifferently called 

 "partridge" and "quail." It is an example of that 

 confusion which arises in nomenclature when the 

 in nirs of animals and plants of one country are 

 loosely applied to other more or less similar animals 

 of another country. 



For, it must be distinctly understood that no galli- 

 naceous bird whatever, excepting certain ptarmigan 

 of the Arctic regions, is common to Europe and Amer- 

 ica. Attempts nave been made to introduce the Euro- 

 pean or migratory quail, Coturnix ductylisonant, but 

 they have hitherto failed. 



In the Eastern United States two very different 

 birds are called "partridge." One of these is the 

 ruffed grouse, Bonaxn iniili/llnt. The other is the 

 bob-white, Ortyx or Colin us </////// innwi. (See BOB- 

 WHITE.) Throughout the Northern States, where this 

 grouse is called partridge, the hob-white is known as 

 the "quail." In the Middle and Southern States, or 

 from Pennsylvania southward, this grouse is called 

 pheasant, by an absurd misnomer ; and wherever this 

 name prevails, there the bob-white is called " par- 

 tridge/ 1 Thus we have three popular names for the 

 two birds, whose application changes with the locality. 

 These two are the only gallinaceous game-birds that 

 are common and widely distributed in eastern parts of 

 the United Slates. In the West there are several 

 others, ns the pinnated grouse or prairie-hen, Ciipido- 

 ,'ido; the sharp-tailed grouse, Pediascetet colum- 



