PASSAGLIA PASTEUR. 



145 



; the sage grouse or cock of the plains, Ceitiru- 

 cercus urophasianm; the dusky grouse, Canace ob- 

 scurus, etc. The last-named is a near relative of the 

 Canada grouse, Canace canatknsfs, which is often 

 called the "spruce partridge;" making yet another 

 bird to share this latter name. 



Then, in south-western parts of the United States 

 and in Mexico and southward are several different 

 genera and species of birds about as large as the 

 bob-white, all called indifferently "partridge" or 

 "quail." Such are the mountain quail of Califor- 

 nia, Oreortyx pictus, with a long arrowy crest ; the 

 valley quail of California, Lophortyx californica, with 



California Valley Quail. 



an fi -srant recurved helmet-like crest; the very sim- 

 ilar Arizona partridge or quail, LfrpJwrtyx gambdi; 

 the blue or scaled partridge or quail, Callipepla sqiia- 

 miiln ; and the very handsome Massena partridge or 

 quail. Cyrtanyx matsena. Moreover, the common 

 Virginia partridge, quail, bob-white, or colin runs into 

 several varieties in Florida and in Texas ; and a dis- 

 tinct species of the same restricted genus Cotlniw, C. 

 ridgwayi, has been lately ascertained to inhabit Arizona. 

 Mexico and Central and South America also furnish 

 yet other species of Coltniis, Dendrorti/x, Odontopho- 

 /.. ('to., all of which birds may be indifferently called 

 quails or partridges. 



All these small gallinaceous game-birds of America 

 with naked and scaly tarsi (as distinguished from the 

 feathered shanks of grouse and ptarmigan) are some- 

 times grouped together as a subfamily, Odfrntophoriiue 

 or Ortygina, which has no representatives outside of 

 America. (E. c.) 



PASSAGLIA, CARLO (1812-1887), Italian theolo- 



S'an, was born at San Paolo, near Lucca, May 12, 1812. 

 e was educated at Rome and became a Jesuit in 

 1827. He taught in the Roman College until 1858, 

 when he left the Jesuit order and was made professor 

 in the College of Sapicnza. He was active in the 

 movement which led to the proclamation of the dogma 

 of tiie Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. 



He afterwards addressed a letter to the bishops of 

 Italy on the claims of Italian unity and urged the pope 

 to renounce his temporal power. But his pamphlet 

 was placed on the Index, and the author was obliged 

 to flee from Rome in disguise. He had just published 

 anonymously two other pamphlets, one on the duty of 

 the pope to reside in Rome, the other on the limits of 

 excommunications. He was made professor of moral 

 philosophy in the University of Turin and soon issued 

 another pamphlet on schism. He formec 1 an associa- 

 tion of the liberal clergy of Italy and was elected to 

 the national parliament in 1863. His political career 

 was short, and finally in 1882 he submitted to the 

 Holy See and was restored to his priestly functions. 

 He died at Turin, March 17, 1887. 



PASSAIC CITY, in Passaic co., N. J., is at the 

 head of tide-water on the Passaic River, 11 miles N. 

 W. of New York city, on the Erie, the Delaware, 

 Lackawanna, and Western, and the New York, Sus- 

 quehanna, and Western Railroads. It is well laid out 

 with macadamized streets, has 14 churches, 5 schools, 

 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers, several halls, is 

 lighted with gas and well supplied with water. It has 

 two iron-foundries, and manufactures of woollen goods, 

 chemicals, India-rubber, whips, and other goods. 

 Many of the inhabitants conduct business in New York- 

 city. The population was 6532 in 1880, and has since 

 increased. 



PASSOVER. See TABERNACLE. 

 PASTEUR, Louis, a French chemist, was born at 

 D61e, Dec. 27, 1822. He had spent some years in 

 teaching physical science at Besangon and at Paris be- 

 fore he received the doctor's degree from the Normal 

 School in 1847. He was then made professor of 

 chemistry at Dijon, and a few months later at Stras- 

 burg. In 1854 he was appointed to organize the new 

 faculty of science at Lille, and in 1857 he returned to 

 Paris to take charge of the scientific instruction in the 

 Normal School. Here he remained ten years, being 

 also from 1863 professor of geology, ph.vsics, and 

 chemistry in the school of the Fine Arts. From 1867 

 to 1875 he was professor of chemistry at the Sorbonne, 

 and there retired on a pension, his sight and health 

 having been seriously impaired by his arduous labors. 

 Pis chemical investigations and their practical results 

 had already given him world-wide fame. In 1856 he 

 received from the Royal Society of London the Rum- 

 ford medal for his researches on the polarization of 

 light, and in 1874 the Copley medal. From the out- 

 set of his career he has been an ardent opponent of 

 the theory of spontaneous generation, which was ad- 

 vocated by many scientists. He maintains that fer- 

 mentation is always due to microscopic plants or ani- 

 malcules, and that it can be prevented by carefully 

 excluding their germs from access to the fermentable 

 substance. His conclusions have had important con- 

 sequences on the manufacture of wine and beer. 

 Their scientific and commercial value was recognized 

 by the French and other governments, which awarded 

 him prizes and pensions. His investigations of the 

 diseases of the silk-worm were also extremely valuable 



j to the silk industry of France. He traced the disease 

 to certain minute internal corpuscles and pointed out 

 the method of prevention. (See GERM THEORY). For 

 some years he had directed his investigations towards 

 the discovery of a specific germ for each disease of 

 man or the lower animals. Other investigators had 

 also joined in the researches and the discovery of sev- 

 eral such germs has been reported in recent years. 

 None has produced such sensation, however, as Pas- 

 teur's claim to have found not only the true nature of 

 hydrophobia but also the method of preventing it by 

 inoculation. (See HYDROPHOBIA and BACTERIA.) 

 Pasteur's researches have been reported in the Annales 

 ile Cliimlf et de Physique and other publications. He 

 has also published treatises on wine (1866), vinegar 



I (1868), silk-worms (1870), beer (1876), microbes 



I (1878). 



