146 



PATERSON-PATON. 



himself to prepare the papers, drawings. etc. . necessary 

 to obtain a patent, with the requisite degree of Scien- 

 tific and technical skill. "Patent lawyers" form a 



i l<r..:i h of the profession and tlie inventor will 

 *ind it in the end the cheapest as well as the-m.-i 

 coarse to intm.-t hi? case to an attorney who makes 

 the practice of patent law a specialty. In a simple 

 ease, when no difficulties nre encountered. and every- 

 thing roes through in regular order under the direc- 

 tion of a reputable attorney. the cost of obtaining a 

 patent maybe stated as follows: Government fee on 

 filing application. $15 ; government fee on issuing pa- 

 tent, 191); attorney's fee, f'J.'i ; making the total charge 

 $CO. This may be regarded as the minimum of ex- 

 pense for securing a patent But where the invention 

 is of a complicated character, requiring great skill and 

 en re in the preparation of the de-crii>tions and draw- 

 ings, where difficulty is cxporicneea on account of 

 anticipatory inventions, real or alleged, where the 

 application is rejected by the primary examiners and 

 it becomes necessary to appeal from them to the board 

 of examiners-in-chief, from these to the commissioner 

 of patents, and from the commissioner to the Supreme 

 Court of the District of Columbia, the expense will 

 depend upon the circumstances of each case. 



Owing to the destruction of the records of the Patent- 

 office in IS.Ti, the reconstruction of the history of in- 

 vention in the I'nited States previous to that year 

 would involve a great amount of laborious and pains- 

 taking investigation and research. From that year to 

 the present time the records are complete and accessi- 

 ble. and the number of patents granted in each suc- 

 eccding decade may, perhaps, lie taken as a fair index 

 of the fertility of American inventive genius and the 

 progress of American industries. The first patent 

 granted after the reorganization of the Patent-office 

 under the act of 1S36 bears date July 2Sth of that 

 year, and is No. 1 o_f the present enumeration. I'rom 

 that date nj> to and including the year 1 S4(> the number 

 of patents i-.-tied was 5019. During the next ten years 

 ending with 1856, inclusive, the number of patents is- 

 sued was 12.578. The ratio of increase was from 572 

 issued in is 17 to 2"><i2 issued in 1S50. During the 

 decade ending with and including the year isr.fi the 

 nunilx-r issued was 44,334. The number issued in 1S".7 



-."). and in 1866 it was 8H73. During the 

 ending with and including the year 1S7<; the number 



IVM- IL'.'I. l.'i.'i. The number issued in 1SC.7 was 

 13,015, and in IH7Citwas 12,870. 'I his period of 10 

 years, J887-76, is the onlv one in which the number 

 of patent^ i-sned in the first year of the deeade was 

 r than the number issued in the last. During 

 the decade ending with and including the year 1886 

 &e number of patents issued wa^ IC.'.i,-l7S. The num- 

 ln-r i-sued in 1877 was 13,117, while in 1886 the number 

 was 21,7%. During the year JSS7 the number issued 

 was 2o 

 The whole number of patents issued from July 2S, 



:p to and including Oct. If., 1888. WM 391.395. 

 This is exclusive of what were termed "additional im- 

 provements," which were additions to original patents 

 permitted Bander provisions of tin- act of ls:;c.. which 



d in force until the act of I860. It is also ex- 



clusive of reissues, which down to the date mentioned, 



'.inhered J0.963. It is also exclusive 



of "design patents," which down to the same date 



. 



; to the year Iss7 the number of patents issued 

 to foreign inventors ..- I It'.r, ; the nationaliti. 

 nnhen were as follows: English, 5<)0 ; Canadian, 

 '.erman. L".H : Scotch. LS ; liel-ian. 35 ; and I 

 each to citizens of Corca. .Japan, Luxcmliourg, and 

 If we take the year 1SSO MS an example, and 

 coinp.ire the ratio of pat. -nts to population in the dif- 

 fer, nl Stall- and Territories, the following art the 

 highest and lowest results: in Connecticut, one patent 

 fj 7'.". of the population ; in the District of Co- 

 lumbia, 1 to every 8<i. r > ; in MassachusettK. 1 ! 



950. The lowest ratio of patents to population was 'n 

 Mississippi. 1 patent to every population : 



the next in Alabama, 1 to eve: and tin n. \t 



in North Carolina. 1 to even- 21.2<is. 



Tin- Patent office is a self-supporting institution. 

 There havr U'en only eight years, the last of which 

 was 1861. during the last half-century when the i 



did not exe 1 the expenditures. The receipts in 1837 



amounted to f2it.289.OS. Dunn- the year is*; the 

 receipts were $1.144,509.60. the expenditures were 

 .*'.f.M.472.22. leaving a surplus to the credit of til? 

 office of $150,037.38 for that year. Tn many previous 

 years the surplus has been much greater. The rooms 

 of the Patent-office are notoriously overcrowded to an 

 extent that is injurious to the health of the employe-. 

 nnd inconvenient both to them and the public in the 

 tran-action of business, notwithstanding the fact that 

 the inventors of the country have paid a tax defraying 

 all the ^expenses of the office and leaving a surplus 

 many times exceeding what would be necessary to 

 make much needed reforms. (w. M. F.) 



PATEKSt )N. a manufacturing city of New Jersey, 

 !< co., is situated on the Passaic River, 

 16 miles from New York city, on the Erie, the Dela- 

 aware, I>ackawanna. and W estern. the New York, 

 Susquchanna. and Western, and the Patcrson, Newark, 

 and New York Railroads. The Passaic River, which 

 flows through the city, and is crossed bv many hi 

 is noted for its fall.;, which furnish abundant water- 

 power. The industrial establishments comprise a roll- 

 ing-mill, three locomotive-works, a large iron-forge, 

 numerous cotton- and paper-mills, but above all, 116 

 silk-mills, which give the city its distinctive place 

 among the manufacturing cities of America. There 

 are 5 notels. L' national banks, a savings bank, 5 daily 

 and 9 weekly newspapers, 14 public schools, and good 

 private schools. 2 hospitals, 2 orphan asylums, and 

 sonic ;>0 churches. The city was settled in l"'.^'. being 

 named after Gov. William Patcrson, who signed the 

 town charter, and ine-orporated as a city in 1864 It 

 is well laid out, is lighted with gas, and has water- 

 works. The total debt in 1886 was over $2.130,000, 

 and the yearly expenses nearly $1 , 1 89,000. The popu- 

 lation in 1880 was 15,031. 



PATMOKK. COVKNTRY KEARSF.Y DF.KIIITON, En- 

 glish poet, was born at Wood ford. Essex. .July 23, 

 1823. At the age of 21 he published a volume of 

 poems which attracted little attention. From Is Id to 

 1868 he was one of the assistant librarians of the 

 British Museum, and in the meantime published the 

 domestic poem, by which he is licst known. Thr .1 /<.'/</ 

 w the House (1854-62). This work eonsi-ts of tour 

 parts The Betrothal. The Espousal. Faithful for 

 Ever, and The Victories of Love. It is the most suc- 

 ces-l'iil attempt to depict (lie' poetic aspects of married 

 lii'c. 1 'at more has also published A (iiirhinil nf 

 fnr Clii'Mrrn (1862); Tin- Unkiunrn Km* (J877) : a 

 '/ Unrri/ C'lriiii-nfl and Amelia (1878). In 

 later life he became a Roman Catholic. 



PATON, SIR JOSKIMI NIIKT.. a Scotch painter, was 

 l>orn at Dunfcrndine. Dec. l:!, 1821. He studied his 

 art in the Edinburgh Academy and the Royal Academy. 

 London. In l w 1 1 he exhibited tit the IJoy^.l Scottish 

 Academy his first painting. Ruth (Meaning. In the 

 next year he obtained at Westminster Hall. London, a 

 pri/eliira fresco of The Spirit of Religion. In 1817 his 

 large oil-painling of Christ Hearing the Cross and a 

 small one representing The Reconciliation of ( (heron 

 and Titania were jointly awarded a prize of t'.'liMl. The 

 latter picture was pun-based for the Scoiti-h National 

 (lallery, which aNo obtained its companion picture. 

 The Quarrel of Obcron and Titania (Isli;). He ha* 

 al-o taken d. light in allegorical siilije<'t, among which 

 arc The Pursuit of Pleasure (I8.". r i); Mors .Iai.ua 

 Vit.-c (18C.6); Faith and Reason (1871) ; The Spirit 

 of Twilight (IsTii). Of his paintings of religious 

 subjects may be noted Christ and Mary at the Sepul- 

 chre (1872) ; The Man of Sorrows (1875), and Christ 



