

P.U'LDING PAITEKISM. 



laded fanatic, or the COM >re facts, ai. 1 i !- 



explanation of them a UmM revelation. 



1 Th, Cliitmctrr ,>/ th- t'.iul. Before his 



conversion Paul led a blameless life, according to the 



a definite occasion, and each a distinct pur|M>se. Th.-\ ooooaptipns of Jewish morality (1'liil. iii. 4-G). The 

 are human to the last degree. yet nowhere do we find dtMnptioil of the life under the law portrayed in Hum. 



dimmed in the article on that epistle. (See HEBREWS, 

 EPISTLE TO THE.) 



These writing* are all of them letters, not merely i 

 theological or didactic treatise*. Most of them I 



more marked evidence of IHvine inspiration. 

 the apoetle veheinentl.v elaiins for the gospel In 

 preached (GaL L 8-11). A brief characterization of 

 theae writings, according to their contents, is given 

 here : Romans, on salvation by faith for .all who be- 

 lieve ; 1 ami U Corinthians, personal, in view of the 

 diviMotis and sins at Corinth. [The view that another 

 jcttcr to the Corinthians was written, und has been lost, 

 is not improbable in itself; but the passages in _ Co- 

 rinthians (ii. 3, 4; vii. 8-12) whieh seem to point to 

 such a letter are by no means conclusive. If there was 

 such a letter, it probably contained only matter affect- 

 ing the local church in its then condition.] Galatians, 

 in defence of his apostleship and doctrine (against 

 Judaizing teachers) ; Kphe.-ians, of the church in 

 Christ ; I'hilippians, a personal and affectionate letter ; 

 Colossians, on Christ the head of all things (with a re- 

 buke of certain errors) ; 1 and 2 Thessalonians, to cor- 

 rect certain errors about the coming of Christ : 1 and 2 

 Timothy and Titus, for the guidance of these Christian 

 teachers; Philemon, a personal letter, sent by ( >n< -i 

 in us who was returning to his former master. (>. 

 ROMANS. KHSTI.K TO THE.) 



The Pauline theology can only be learned from these 

 epistles. An effort has been uiade to find in them 

 glaring inconsistencies ; now to deny the genuineness; 

 of one or the other, and again to emasculate Chris- 

 tianity by denying the possibility of logically formu- 

 lating the views of its earliest teachers. A persistent 

 attempt to prove the apostle out of harmony with the 

 teachings of the other apostles has been successfully 



vn. 7-13 is probably applicable to his religious condi- 

 tion as a conscientious Jew. It may have been his 

 fierce striving to quiet an awakened conscience that 

 made him a persecutor. Immoral, in the ordinary 

 sense, he certainly was not. though he speaks of him- 

 self as "the chief of sinners " (1 Tim. i. 15). The 

 same man became a Christian, and the same character- 

 i.-tics pervaded his after life, which now had new mo- 

 tives and aims. The persecutor of the N'azarenes be- 

 came the Apostle to the Gentiles. What his physical 

 infirmity was cannot be certainly determined. His 

 personal appearance seems to have been far from pre- 

 possessing. But of his zeal, his intellectual power, his 

 acutcness of thought, his decision of character there 

 can be no question. It is too frequently imagined that 

 he did not win affection from men. The greatness of 

 his intellect and the tremendous results of his didactic 

 statements have led many to forget how greatly be- 

 loved he was by his companions. Some contrast him 

 with the Apostle John, regarding the latter as affec- 

 tionate even to weak amiability, and implying that 

 Paul was harsh and forbidding. But all the records 

 prove him to be a man who won the personal affection 

 of those associated with him. His practical wisdom is 

 often obscured by those who would deem him the great 

 "dogmatist." Vet the whole story of his life is full 

 of instances of his tact, his wise dealing with men and 

 with difficult questions. Add to this the indications 

 we have of a widespread systi in of missionary labor, 

 directed by him even when in prison ; and it will ap- 

 pear that few men in history were so symmetrical in 



met by recent Christian apologists. We may remark v'vatness : great in intellect, great in affection, great 

 (I) The meaning of the terms used by Paul can be as in will. But in the presence of his Master he calls 

 a.viirately determined as in the case of any ancient 

 writer. (2) The obscurity arises from the greatness of j 



) The leading positions taken by him 



I who interpret by the historico-exe- 



himself " le.-.s than the least of all saints." 



How such a life and character sis his can be accounted 

 for he himself tells us. No other satisfactory cxpla- 



nation of the phenomena has ever been suggested. 



getical method. (4) The difficulties that have arisen Whenever the statements he emphasizes have been 

 are largely due either to the mystical (allegori/.iiu') adequately recognized by men, similar characters have 

 method of interpretation, or to the influence of eccle- been formed, and under no other influ. 



the thoughts. (3) 

 are obvious to all 



mtcrpretatii 



siastical dogmatism, or to both. (5) The teachings of 

 Paul all assume a practical character, from his burning 

 conviction that salvation in Christ was designed and 

 adapted for all classes, Jew and Gentile alike. Hence 

 he emphasizes the free grace of God, justification by 



(M. B. R.) 



PAULDING, HIRAM (1797-187*). rear-admiral U. 

 S. N., was born in Westchester co. , N. Y., Dec. 11, 

 1797. His father, JOHN PAn.wxn (17.">>-IM8), was 

 one of the captors of Major Andre, and was himself 



faith, new life in the spirit over against the old life in thrice taken prisoner in the Revolutionary war. For 

 the flesh ; all these in such a way as to make it appear the capture of Andre 1 , Paulding and his two couipan- 

 that Jew and Gentile alike can share in these privileges, i ions received from Congre a silver medal and annui- 

 and need to share in them. Dr. Hatch, in the BUITAN- ties of $21)0. A monument to his memory was envted 

 NICA article, fails to do justice to Paul's use of the at 1'eekskill in 1827 by the city of New York. Hiram 

 term "flesh." It means in the ethical sense, human entered the U. S. Navy in 1811 as midshipman and 

 nature as it is by birth, estranged from God, before re- served in McDonough's fleet on Lake Cham plain. He 

 generation by the Holy Spirit. (See ROMANS, Kris- was made lieutenant in 1816 and accompanied Capt. 

 TLETOTHE.) (6) Out of this grows the culminating Porter in his expedition against the West Indian 

 thought of the Apostle Paul's theology-^-Jew and pirates in 1823. Rising to the rank of captain in 1844 

 Gentile united in one body in Christ (Eph. i.-iii.). 



Assuming that these epistles (or any number of 

 them) are genuine, we have in them the strongest con- 

 temporary evidence to the facts respecting Jesus Christ 

 that are recorded in the Gospels. It is a characteristic State of Nicaragua in 1 860 acknowledged his sen-ice by 

 of modern apologetics that it starts with the four un- i the gift of a sword, Congress not allowing him to accept 

 doubted epistles of Paul (Galatians, 1 and 2 Corin- j more. Paulding was made rear admiral on the retired 

 thian.H. ana Romans), and shows from these writings list in December, 1861, but as commander of the New 

 that in A. D. 58 an immense number of people be- York navy -yard he rendered important service in pre- 

 lieved in Jesus Christ, and that Paul preached a paring vessels for various employment during the civil 

 Saviour, who had been crucified and raised again from war. He also assisted in protecting public property 

 the dead. The main facts he presents as facts, and it during the draft riots of New York city in 1803. 

 was the power of this historical Person that had trans- \ftcr the war I'anlding was for a time governor of_the 

 formed him. Modern skeptical criticism is simply an Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, He died at Hunting- 

 unavailing effort to escape tne legitimate inference from ton. I,. I.. Oct. 20, 1878, being then the senior officer 

 these acknowledged facts respecting Paul and the gos- ! on the retired list 

 pel he preached. Either he was an impostor or a de- 1 PAUPERISM. See CnABirr ORGANIZATION. 



he cruised with the Yincennes three vears in tropic.ii 

 waters. In 1857 while commanding tne Home squad- 

 ron he broke up Walker's expedition against Nicaragua 

 and brought the filibusters to the 1'nited States. The 



