154 



PAYNF. PF.VBOPY. 



; Jied \Vcypreeht in Jin-para 



iioii, which wriv i iitlniM 



supported 1 1\ I In- wlii ilc empire The steamer Tegct- 

 hott started in .lulv, 1S72, pa.-x-d the winter, 

 /emhla. and then driftod nortliwanl. enclosed in iee. 

 In (K-tnU-r I 'u\er discovered the land, which eventually 

 proved to be as Urge as Spitsbergen, an. I nauieil it 

 Franz Josef in hmmr "I" thecmpernr. Fur details of 

 his explorations set- AnTir BxPLORAIIOH. The 

 farthest point reached was 82" 5' N. Int. Alter his 

 return to Austria Payer was made Huron and soon 

 resigned hi~ emniis>ion in tJie army. He then settle*! 

 at Frankfurt, hut afterwards removed to Miinieh. where 

 he became a painter. As his fir>t work in this line he 

 exhibited in l>>4 The Knd of the Fninklin Expedi- 

 tinii. Besides several geographical monographs he 

 published a full account of his exiH>ilition (Vienna, 



PAYNK. JOHN HOWARD (1792-1852), the author 

 ..I " Home. Sweet Home," was born in New York, 

 June V. 17'.':.'. He early showed a fondness for the 

 stage, though his father, a noted schoolmaster, en- 

 tirely disapproved his inelinatioii. At the age of thir- 

 teen, while employed in a counting-house, he published 

 a weekly paper called The Thesjiimi Mirror. Its merits 

 being recognized a friend sent him as a student to Union 

 College, and in February. 1 809. made his first appear- 

 ance as an actor in the Park Theatre, New York, in 

 the character of "Young NorvaL" After visiting 

 other American cities he appeared at Drury Lane The- 

 atre, London, in June, 1813. For nearly twenty years 

 he remained in England, being engaged as actor, man- 

 ager, and playwright Besides translating and adapt- 

 ing French plays ne produced Brutiix (181: S). in which 

 Edmund Kean took the title-role, and ('hurlm tin- 

 Sf&md, which became a favorite with Charles Kcmble. 

 Another of his plays was Thfrlte, or the Ortiluin of 

 His English opera, ('Inn', tin- Maia f Mi 

 Ion. contains the song which has become dear to all 

 English-speaking people. In August, 1832, Payne 

 returned to New York and cng.ii:ed in minor literary 

 and dramatic work. In 1841 ne was appointed U. S. 

 Consul at Tunis, but was recalled four years later. In 

 1851 ho received the same appointment and went again 

 to Tunis, where he died April Hi. Is'il'. Hi- 

 in the British cemetery there was marked bv a -tune 

 erected by one of his successors in office, out after- 

 wards fell into neglect. Mr. W. \\ . Corcoran of 

 Washington in 1883 caused his remains to be removed 

 and brought to that city, where a suitable monument 

 has. been erected in Oak Hill Cemetery. SeeC. II. 

 Brainard's John Howard Pin/iie (I v - 



PAYSON, HOWARD (1783-1837), a clergyman, was 

 born at Rindge, N. II.. July 25, 1783, being the son 

 of Rev. Dr. 8. Payson (1758-1820) and nephew of 

 Rev. Dr. Phillips Payson (1736-lSDl). Edward gradu- 

 ated at Harvard College in 1803, spent three years in 

 teaching at Portland, Maine, and was ordained to the 

 ministry in Isn7. He was the colleague of Rev. M. 

 Kellogg until 1811, and thenceforward sole pastor. He 

 was especially noted lor his fervent piety and deeply 

 religious character. He died Oct. 22, 1837. His 

 Scrmont were published in 3 volumes (1846), with a 

 biography 



PAZ-S< >LDAN, PEDRO, a Peruvian poet, was born 



at Lima, in May, 1839. He was brought up on his 



father's estate of Arona, from which he has taken his 



pseudonym. "Juan de Arona." In 1859 he went to 



Europe, and pursued literary studies at Madrid, Paris, 



UM BOOM. Before he returned, in 1863, he had pub- 



his first collection of poems, Rvinn* (Paris. 



These were of very unequal merit, and reflected 



the various experiences by which he had been influ- 



He served in various government offices in 



Lima, and was sometimes sent abroad in a diplomatic 



capacity. To the Peruvian journals he contributed 



numerous sketches of travels and manners, and several 



iranxintions. His fbctiai Peruanat (Lima, 1867) gives 



a hie pictures of the people and scenery of his native 

 is a little volume of sonnets and epi- 

 grams. P.i/ :-Soldan has been elected a corresponding 

 member ol' the Madrid Academy, and has published a 

 Diedonnrio >l, I ' illustrating the variations 



of Peruvian sj>eeeh from pure Castilian. 



PF.A. A leguminous garden plant, of the genus 

 v XVMI ''*'"" The common pea, lltum *oi- 

 441 (V 4 V"' """' '" a ? mootn a '"' J-'laucous annual, 

 Vm Ken ) '" "' '"""' ' inches to ii feet high, accord- 

 ing to the variety, with pinnate leaves, 

 usually having two pairs of leaflets, the petiole termi- 

 nating in a branching tendril, of use in the climbing 

 habit of the plant. The flowers are white or purplish- 

 violet in color, of the irregular form known as papil- 

 ionaceous. The ovary is one -celled, the pod somewhat 

 fleshy, containing several globose seeds, with very thick 

 cotyledons. The native country of the pea, as in the 

 case of many of our garden vegetables, is unknown. 

 It was cultivated by the Greeks and Romans, but there 

 is no proof that it was known earlier. It is now almost 

 universally cultivated, and is everywhere a favorite 

 esculent. The highest degree of perfection of the pea 

 is attained under comparatively low temperatures, and 

 the early spring sowings always produce the best 

 results. It needs warm, light soils, moderately manured 

 for early maturing, though lor abundant crops a strong 

 loam inclining to clay is best. For early crops it is 

 sown in November, or at the first opening of the soil 

 in February or March. The pea is ordinarily eaten in 

 its green state, and "cannot be eaten too young, or too 

 soon after gathering," as it rapidly deteriorates in 

 healthfulness if kept too long. From this fact peas 

 brought from a distance are apt to be flavorless and 

 unwholesome. 



The P. tirvense, or field-pea, is probably derived 

 from the same original species as the garden-pea. It 

 is valuable not only for its seed but as a forage-plant, 

 for which some varieties are specially adapted. There 

 are perhaps more varieties of the pea than of any other 

 narden vegetable, the varieties dividing into two very 

 t classes : the common pea, of which only the 

 unrijii- seeds are eaten, and the eatable podded, called 

 the sugar-, skinless-, or string-pea, in which the pods 

 are succulent, and are used in tne same way as string- 

 beans. This class is not much cultivated. Of the 

 common pea there are two distinct kinds, some being 

 smooth and yellowish-white when ripe, others wrinkled 

 and greenish, and much larger. Ripe peas contain 

 much nutriment, and in a dried state are largely 

 exported from this country' to England, where they are 

 much more extensively used than here. 



The pea is liable to a variety of enemies, of which 

 the most distinctive arc the mildew, which often pro- 

 duces serious injury, and the pea-weevil, a small beetle 

 (See AGRICULTURE, Chap. IX.) Many other varieties 

 of pulse are called peas, as tne chick-pea and the 

 cow-pea (Di>licho) of the South, a valuable forage- 

 plant, of great importance in Southern agriculture. 

 Its seeds resemble those of the bean. The produc- 

 tion of peas in America in 1880 was 6.514,977 

 bushels. (c. M.) 



PEABODY, ANDREW PRESTON, educator and au- 

 thor, was born in Beverly, Mass., March 19, 1811. 

 He graduated at Harvard College in lS2fi. studied 

 theology, and became tutor in the college in 1832. In 

 the next year he was ordained pastor^of the South 

 Congregational Church, Portsmouth, N. H. In 1860 

 he became preacher and Plummer-professor of Christian 

 morals in Harvard College, and held this position until 

 1881. Throughout his career he was a diligent writer, 

 and his published sermons, lectures, and pamphlets 

 are numerous. For several years he was one of the 

 editors of the Christian Remitter, and from 1852 to 

 ISfil he edited the North Am* / i . discussing 



with ability and in animated style the social and educa- 

 tional questions of the time. Among his works are 

 . on Christian Doctrine (1844) ; Sermons nf 



