PEET-] 



the Board of Trd. in 1S71-73 ; patronage-Mcretnn- of 



le was chosen Speaker of the 

 Huu.sc in ls> mi ilic retirement of Sir Henry Brand, 



the treasury,. 187.V74 ; under-aecretary of the home 

 department" in ISM). II. 

 House in Iss4 on (| lr ret 

 and was re-elected in !>- 



Pl.l.f. HARVEY PKINDI.K (1794-1873), educator of 

 deaf-mutes, was born at Bethlehem. Conn . NOT. 19, 

 II. graduated at Yale College in ls.' and be- 

 came rn instructor in the Hartford asylum for the 

 deaf and dumb. His noble work there has been de- 

 scribed under IH u Mi IKS He died at New York 

 city. .Ian. I. 1ST:*. He published a useful C<ntr$eof 

 Instruction for the Deaf and Diniit, (1S44-40) ; Isijul 

 RightioJ the DeaJ and Dumb (1856) ; and other works 

 connected with the cause to which he had devoted his 

 lit. 



His son, ISAAC LEWIS PEET, was born at Hartford, 

 in Dec. 1 isi't. graduated at Yale College in 1845. 

 and at Union Theological Seminary in 1849. He and 

 hi- brother foWABD (1836-1862) followed in the foot- 

 steps of their father, and contributed to the literature 

 pertaining to (leaf-unites. 



1 'E K 1 N . city of Illinois, county-seat of Tazewell co. , 

 is on the left bank of the Illinois River, 10 miles below 

 Peoria, and 163 miles S. W. of Chicago. Four mil- 

 roads pass through the city. It has a court-house. ~> 

 hotels, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, 2 daily and 5 

 weekly newspapers, 12 churches, and 6 schools. The 

 industrial works comprise 2 foundries, flouring-mills, 

 wagon-, plow-, and organ-factories, and 2 header- works. 

 Pekin was settled in 1831, and incorporated in IN4'.i. 

 It has gas- and water-works, and a park. Its prop- 

 erty is valued at $1,250,000, the public debt is $75.<MK), 

 and the yearly expenses about $45,000. Ita popula- 

 tion in 1880 was 5993. 



PEMBERTON, JOHN CLIFFORD (1817-1881), Con- 

 federate general, was born in Philadelphia in 1817. 

 He was descended from Phineas Pemberton, who 

 came from England with William Penn, and whose 

 family was prominent in Philadelphia in t he _ eigh- 

 teenth century. John graduated at West Point in 

 1837, served in the Florida and Mexican wars, being 

 aide-de-camp to Gen. Worth in the latter. At the 

 outbreak of the civil war he resigned his captain's 

 commission and entered the Confederate service as 

 colonel of cavalry and assistant adjutant-general to Gen. 

 Joseph E. Johnston. In 18G2 he was made brigadier- 

 general, and then lieutenant-general, having command 

 of the army in Mississippi. He was intrusted with 

 the defence of Vicksburg when Grant began his cam- 

 paign to recover the free navigation of the Mississippi. 

 Pemberton was defeated at Champion Hills, May 16, 

 1863, in his attempt to keep open the way for reinforce- 

 ment by Johnston's army. Thenceforth he was shut 

 np in the fortifications of Vicksburg until July 4, 1863, 

 when he was compelled to surrender to Gen. Grant. 

 Being exchanged he resigned his command, but at the 

 close of the war he was inspector of artillery at 

 Charleston. Thereafter he lived in retirement in Vir- 

 ginia. He died at Philadelphia, July 13, 1881. 



PEN. The history of the manufacture of steel pens 

 vl TVIII in the United States covers a perio. I o I' 

 n i Joi about thirty-five years. In June. I >:.::. 

 Am Rep) William Gilehrist started his factory, 

 which was located about '2 miles from 

 Suffern's Depot, N. J.. on the Erie EUflroad, the 

 power being furnished by water from the Itamapo 

 Creek. This business was conducted successfully until 

 November of the same year, when the factory was 

 totally destroyed by fire. James Bifthop, of Newark, 

 N. J., purchased tne salvage, and continued the biisi- 

 ness for a short period, when it was sold to a stock 

 company known as the Newark Steel Pen Co. This 

 concern did not prosper, but laUir troubles arose. 

 and owing to disagreements between the. company and 

 itt employes, the company failed and the business 

 passed into the hands of the Franklin Pen Co. 

 of New York, a newly organized house. In 1855 the 



.n Steel Pen Co. began bu-iin -- in New York. 

 A lt iwanls under the title of Washington Medallion 

 Pen Co this organization conducted iU- l.ii-nii -s until 

 ISi'.l. when Harrison \ Bradford, of New York, pur- 

 chased the plant. This tirm continued the bush.. 

 twenty years, and was really the first house to put the 

 American manufacture of steel pens on a solid founda- 

 tion. In I ssl this firm went out of busine.ss, Mr. 

 Harrison In-coming a member of the linn of Turner & 

 Harrison, of Philadelphia, while Mr. Bradford became 

 connected with the Miller Bros.' Cutlery Co., of Meri- 

 den. Conn. This house at that time began to make 

 steel pens. Mr. Bradford being placed in oontrnl of the 

 new department. In ISodthc Esterbrouk Steel Pen 

 Co. entered the field as manufacturers of steel nens, 

 with an extensive factory at Caindcn. .\. J., and this 

 h .use is to-day the largest American maker. 



These three houses, the Estorhrook Steel Pen Co., 

 the Miller Bros. Cutlery Co.. and Turner \ Harrison, 

 are now the only manufacturers of steel pens in the 

 I'uited States, and their combined annual output is 

 about 1,500,000 gross, while of foreign pens the annual 

 importation is about 600,000 gross. 



The raw material used by these manufacturers is a 

 fine crucible steel, produced in Birmingham, England, 

 which is imported |iere both rolled and in the rough. 

 When rolled it is in strips about 4 ft. long and 3 to 

 3} in. wide. 



The process of manufacture has changed but little 

 all these years. The work is mainly hand labor, and 

 whatever improvements have been made have been in 

 the way of "raising" the pen and changing the side 

 slits so as to secure greater flexibility. Each pen, in 

 its progress from the blank to the finished ani 

 handled from 22 to 24 times, and in the cose of some 

 special pens the operations exceed these numbers. 

 tirst, the pen blank is struck out of the rolled steel, 

 after which jt is "itierccd" or has cut in it the little 

 hole which is in the body of the pen, just above the 

 slit in the point. It is then annealed and stamped 

 either with the maker's or an "imprint" name. It 

 is next " raised ; " that is, it is rounded up and given 

 its proper shape. It is then hardened and tempered, 

 in which are included a number of operations. After 

 this it is ground lengthwise to allow the ink to run to 

 the point, and then cross-ground to hold the ink at the 

 point and prevent it from dropping off. After the pen 

 is scoured, the slits are cut in the point and sides, and 

 the former of these is perhaps the most delicate of all 

 the manipulations through which the pen passes. The 

 finished pens are then assorted, each pen being exam- 

 ined, weighed into boxes, each containing a gross, -and 

 packed into cartons, each carton containing 25 gross. 



In the early days of steel pens the demand was 

 almost wholly for those with fine points, but with the 

 v lor rapid and easy writing came the call for 

 the various grades of blunt, turned -up, round-pointed, 

 ami stub pens, until now some houses show a variety 

 of L'.'.O different styles. "Imprint" pens are those 

 which have stamped upon them the name of the job- 

 bing or retail stationer instead of the name of the 

 maker. Formerly a lar.'e \ariety of " imprints" were 

 made, and, while now the miantity has inn-eased, the 

 Mainps are mostly confined to jobbers and retailers 

 doing an extensive bu 



Gold Pent. The manufacture of gold pens in the 

 United States dates from the spring of is:;r>, when Sim- 

 eon Hyde, an enterprising American, purchased the 

 business of John Isaac Hawkins, an Englishman, who 

 after years of patient study and experiment had suc- 

 ceeded in making a gold pen. Hyde Imught the busi- 

 ne-s lor !j:;oii. ami a royalty on all pens sold. Hawkins 

 had taken out no patent, and tor several years the 

 process of manufacture was kept a profound secret by 

 Hyde and his assistants. It finally leaked out and by 

 isi'.i there wen- lil t< en firms engaged in the business, 

 and from that time on rapid progress was made, the 

 trade reaching its zenith about 18C1, since which time 



