PENTECOST-PEQTTOTS. 



them. The strongest alleged fact of this kind is that 

 the law in Deut. xii. forbids sacrifices to Jehovah, ex- 

 cept at a central sanctuary, while in the times of 

 Gideon, of Jephthah, of Samuel, of David, of Elijah, 

 it is represented to have been orthodox to sacrifice at :i 

 great number of different sanctuaries. For details 

 under this argument and the reply to it the reader is 

 referred to books on the subject, and to the article 

 TABERNACLE in this work. In general the reply 

 is that in many of the allcireil instances the sacrifice 

 spoken of is to be regarded us illegal, so that these in- 

 stances do not count in the argument. The remaining 

 instances may all be referred to one of three classes : 

 Either they were merely private sacrifices, such as are 

 explicitly provided for in the law itself (Deut. xii. 1 5, 

 21, where the verb is mt, or they may have been in 

 the presence of the ark. and therefore properly at the 

 one central sanctuary, the sanctuary itself being mov- 

 able till the building of Solomon's temple, or they 

 occurred in circumstances when Israel was not, within 

 the meaning of the law, at "rest from all his enemies 

 round about" (Deut. xii. 10), and was without the 

 place chosen by Jehovah _" to put his name there" 

 (Deut. xii. 5) that is, in circumstances when the law 

 was necessarily in abeyance. 



Similar arguments drawn from the statements of the 

 several books concerning the priesthood, from those 

 concerning the three annual festivals, and from those 

 concerning various other matters, are drawn out at 

 length, and refuted at length, in the different works 

 on these subjects. The results of the discussion may 

 be fairly summed up in the proposition that the Books 

 of JudiTS and Samuel, like those of Kings, mention 

 and in other ways clearly presuppose earlier sacred 

 writings containing wholly or in part the same con- 

 tents with our Hexateuch. They mention these writ- 

 ings arid the events and institutions described in them 

 as fully as could fairly be expected on the supposition 

 that the writings date from the times of Moses and his 

 immediate successors. The institutions they mention 

 are either mentioned with disapproval, expressed or 

 fairly implied, or are institutions consistent with the 

 Pentateuchal laws. 



Literature. The literature on this subject is immensely 

 voluminous. Reference may be made U> the following : 

 R. I'. Stebbins, D. I)., A Study of the Pentateuch (Boston, 

 1881) ; Henry M. Harman, D. D., Introduction to the Study 

 of the Holy BtHptum (New York, 1884) ; of this work pp. 

 66-270 are devoted to the Hexateuch ; Essays on Penta- 

 tturhul Criticism by I'ariou* Writers (New York, 1888). A. 

 compact presentation of the history of Pentateuchal criti- 

 cism is given by Dr. ('. A. Briggs in the Pretbyttrian Ke- 

 virw for January, 



The views of the dominant school of the advocates of the 

 late date of the Hcxateuch are to be found, of course, in the 

 writings of Graf, Robertson Smith, Kuenen, Wellhausen, 

 Kayser, Stade, etc. Probably the best one book of this 

 sort accessible to English readers is The Hexateuch, by 

 Kuenen, translated by P. H. Wicksted (London, 1886). 

 G<md, compact statements of the views of men of this 

 school are given in several of the works written in refuta- 

 tion of them and mentioned in these notes. That given in 

 Dr. Green's little book on the Hebrew Feasts is sufficient. 



I'illman, Noldeke, and Schrader are good representa- 

 tive^ of the school of critics who accept mainly the so- 

 called Pentateuchal analysis, but deny the post-exilic ori- 

 gin of the priest code. A good summary is given in the 

 " Introductory Preface " of The Cuneiform Inscriptions and 

 the Old Testament, by Schrader (Berlin, 1S82), and English 

 translation by Whitehouse (London, 1885). 



Perhaps the most complete single work attacking the" Pen- 

 tateuchal analysis" and the destrticth e arguments based 

 upon it is The Pentateuch, Us- Origin '""I Xiructure, by Dr. 

 E. C. BiKell (New York, 1883). "Dr. W. U. Green has as- 

 saile.1 the analysis itself, and some of the consequences 

 drawn from it, in Moses and the Prophets, and in The Hebrew 

 Femlt, and in his series of comments on the International 

 Sunday-School Lessons, published in the Sunday-School 

 Times'. 



The article " Pentateuch " in the Schaff-Herzog Encyclo- 

 pedia gives a relatively full list of the literature of this 

 subject. Other list* are found iu the works to which we 



have referred and in the various commentsvies, introduc- 

 tions, and articles. Dr. Bissell's list has about 2000 titles. 

 The list of works on Exodus given by Dr. Francis Brown in 

 the Old Testament Student for November, 188C, with brief 

 comments on some of the works mentioned, covers nine 

 large pages. 



In H.ebraica, July, 1888, is an article on "Pentateuchal 

 Analysis," by B. W. Bacon, which mentions the literature 

 and tabulates the views held by the reconstructive critics ii|> 

 to date. A discussion of the whole question, by Prof. Win. 

 R. Harper and Prof. Wm. H. Green, is promised in the same 

 magazine. (w. J. B.) 



PENTECOST. See TABERNACLE. 



PEORIA, a city of Illinois, county-seat of Peoria co. . 

 is on the W. bank of the Illinois River, at the outlet 

 of Peoria Lake, 157 miles S. W. of Chicago. It is on a 

 plateau surrounded by bluffs rising 180ft. above tho 

 lake and nearly a mile distant. It is an important 

 railroad centre, eleven roads already crossing or ternii- 

 natjng here. These connect it with Chicago, Cincin- 

 nati, St. Louis, and other prominent cities. The Union 

 Depot furnishes accommodation for eight of the rail- 

 roads. By the Illinois River also Peoria has commu- 

 nication with the Mississippi and by the Illinois and 

 Michigan Canal with the Great Lakes. Peoria has a 

 stone court-house, a U. S. government building, city- 

 hall, jail, and workhouse. Of its ten parks the largest 

 is Jefferson, with 35 acres. There are 45 churches, 

 the finest of which are the Roman Catholic Cathedral, 

 the Congregational, Calvary Presbyterian, First Meth- 

 odist, and the Universalist Church. Besides the high- 

 school there are 12 public school buildings, several 

 church and private schools, a German free school, 

 business colleges, a free public library, a law library, a 

 college of physicians and surgeons, and a scientific 

 association. The police and fire departments are 

 efficient. The city is lighted with gas and electricity, 

 and is provided with water by the Holly system. The 

 street-car lines operate 10J miles of double track. 

 There are three hospitals, the Bradley Home for Aged 

 Women, and the Home of the Friendless. Peoria has 



6 national, 2 private, and 2 savings banks. 7 daily and 



7 weekly newspapers, 5 being German. The leading 

 manufacture is distilling, in which Peoria surpasses 

 all other cities in the United States. In 1885 there 

 were produced 18,602,992 gallons of spirits, consuming 

 49,185,389 bushels of grain. The other manufactures 

 comprise agricultural implements, beer, watches, stoves, 

 starch, glucose, flour, oatmeal, and pottery. The grain- 

 elevators have a total capacity of 2,700,000 bushels. 

 In the lower part of the city are large stockyards 

 through which 350,000 animals passed in 1 886. Peoria 

 is surrounded with fertile, undulating prairies, which 

 contain mines of bituminous coal. In the city water 

 impregnated with sulphur is obtained by artesian 

 wells and largely used for medicinal purposes. Peoria 

 was made a trading-post by La Salle in 1680, and a 

 settlement here was called La Ville de Maillet, After- 

 wards Fort Clark occupied the site, and in 1819 Peoria 

 was founded. Its population in 1870 was 22,849 and 

 in 1880 had increased to 29,315, but on the basis of the 

 city directory of 1886 (containing 16,520 names) it is 

 estimated at 50.000. 



PEPPERELL, Sia WILLIAM (1696-1759'), was born 

 at Kittery Point, Maine, June 27, 1696. The son of a 

 fisherman of Welsh descent, he became a wealthy 

 merchant, and in 1727 was elected a member of the 

 Council of Massachusetts. In 1745 he was appointed to 

 command the New England expedition against Louis- 

 burg, and in less than eight weeks captured this for- 

 tress, June 1 7. This exploit won for him a baronetage 

 and in 1 749 a colonelcy in the British army. He was 

 acting governor of Massachusetts 1756-58, and was 

 made lieutenant-general shortly before his death, July 

 6, 1759. His grandson, William Pepperell Sparhawk, 

 who succeeded to his title and estates in 1774, soon lost 

 them by his adherence to the British cause. He died 

 in London Dec. 17, 1816. 



PEQUOTS, or PEQUODS, an Indian tribe of the 



