192 



I'ETTENKOFEK -ITI.KIKKRKR. 



pump-house re compound condensing ermines and 

 pumps, two in number. Each pump has i> .-u-ii.in 

 valves and the game number of supply valves. Tlic 

 stroke of the pump is double. At < \ < i \ stroke of the 

 I :-:!) a barrel "t'ml i- sent mi it.- way. and :i bam 1 "I 

 oil is forced forward every seven seconds. tlu> pumps 

 working day and night. A pressure-gauge indicates 

 the pressure to which the pipes are subjected, and 

 makes known at once any interruption in the flow 

 through break or other cause. Another gauge records 

 every stroke of the pump and shows the number of 

 barrels of oil that have passed through the station. 

 These pumping engines range from 250 to 1000 horse- 

 power, according to the resistance the pumps are re- 

 quired to overcome. The stream of oil flows uninter- 

 ruptedly day and night, stoppages occurring only when 

 an accident necessitates a cessation of pumping to make 

 repairs. 



To each station there are allotted two engineers, two 

 firemen, and two telegraph operators, one-half of the 

 force working by day, the other by night To detect 

 possible leakages too small to be indicated by the 

 pressure-gauge at the stations, each section of the line 

 between stations is in charge of a lineman, who walks 

 along the section once a week. Should a leak be dis- 

 covered he at once sends word to the station. To re- 

 move sediment and deposits of paraffin, an automatic 

 scraper is introduced into the pipes, the peculiar con- 

 Mruetion of which insures a thorough scraping of the 

 inside of the pipe, the pressure of the oil forcing the 

 scraper along from one station to the next 



\\ hen oil is received from the tanks at the wells the 



amount is ascertained by a joint measurement made 

 by the representative of the owner of the wells and 

 of the pipe-line, and is placed to the credit of the 



former on the books of the pipe-line company. Such 

 oil is held in custody of the pipe-line company subject 

 to the order of the owner, the same as are goods sent 

 to a store-house, and the credit balance is negotiable 

 the same as is a warehouse receipt. The producer's 

 credit balances are held free of storage for thirty days, 

 after which time the storage charge is 25 cents per day 

 for each 1000 barrels. AH oil when received from the 

 wells becomes part of the common stock (if the line, 

 and no holder of a credit balance can therefore claim 

 the identical oil produced at his wells. The certificates 

 issued by the pipe-lines are usually for 1000 barrels. 

 and those issued by the National Transit Company are 

 the certificates sold at the several petroleum exchanges. 

 The daily quotation of the price of petroleum is the 

 price per barrel of 42 gallons, as represented by these 

 certificates. (H. o. A.) 



PETTENKOFER, MAX VON, a German hygienist, 

 was born near Neuburg, Dec. 3, 1818. He was 

 educated at Munich, worked in chemical laboratories 

 at Wurzburg and Giessen, and became chemical as- 

 sistant in the royal mint at Munich. In IS 17 lie was 

 made professor of chemistry there, and besides other 

 technical improvements introduced a met hod for the 

 preservation of oil-paintings. He afterwards devoted 

 his attention to hygiene, and in I sr>~> lie. was made 

 professor of this department in the Bavarian Univer- 

 sity. He investigated the influence of soils on public 

 health and the causes of epidemics. He was one of 

 the editors of the Zeitxchrift ftir Biokigif, in which 

 most of his essays were published, from 1 864 until 

 1883, when he transferred his labors to the Arcltir fiir 

 Hygiene. He has published Populiire Vortrage (3d 

 ed'.. 1871), and a Handbuch tier Hygiene (3d ed., 



PETITE, JOHN, a Scotch painter, was born at 

 Edinburgh, in 1839. He was trained at the academy 

 of that city, and in 1 8f>2 removed to London, where he 

 had already exhibited some pictures. His works often 

 present scenes of old English life. Among tlieni 

 arc George Fox Refusing to take the Oath at Holker 

 Hall. A. I). 1663 (1864); An Arrest for Witchcraft 

 (1866) ; The Disgrace of Cardinal Wolsey (1869) ; 



Juliet and Friar Lawrence (1874); Jacobites, I" 

 (1875). Pettie was elected to the Royal Academy in 

 I87& 



IT.'mOREW, JAMES BKIX, a Scotch anatomist 

 and physiologist, was born at Hoxhill. I^anarkshire, 

 May 26, 1834. He was educated at the University of 

 Glasgow, and graduated in medicine at the University 

 of Edinburgh with the highest honors. He won tin- 

 gold medal by his thesis, "On the arrangement of the 

 muscular fibres in ventricles of the vertebrate heart" 

 He was made Croouiian lecturer by the Royal Society 

 of Ijondi'ii in 1SGO, and two years later became as- 

 sistant curator of the Hunterian Museum, in the Col- 

 lege of Surgeons. In 1867 on account of his health 

 he resigned, and spent two years in Ireland. In 1869 

 he returned to Edinburgh as curator of the Anatomi- 

 cal Museum, and professor of pathology in the Edin- 

 burgh Hospital. In IS" 5 he was made professor of 

 anatomy in the University of St Andrews, and in 

 Is77 he was elected by the Universities of Glasgow 

 and St. Andrews as their representative in the Gen- 

 eral Council of Medical Education of the United 

 Kingdom. His earliest investigations were directed to 

 the muscles and nerves of the heart, and by his skill 

 in dissection he solved many difficult problems in 

 anatomy. In 1867 he first pNMBted his novel theory 

 of flight (" Figure of 8 ") which is fully shown in the 

 article on "Flight" in the ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITAN- 

 NICA. For his celebrated work Am' unit Ijocomotion, 

 or Walking, Stciinniiiif/, ami Fli/iny (1873), he 

 obtained a prize from the French Academy of Sciences. 

 He has also published lectures on The Relation of 

 Plants mid Aiiiinn/x tit Iimrganic Matter (1873) ; The 

 Phi/xinluyy nf the Circulation in Plants, in the L/otcer 

 Animalf. nml in Mini (1874), and Man in hit 

 Anatomical, Physical, and Physiological Atpectt 

 (1876). 



I'l KFFER, WILHELM, German botanist, was born 

 at Grebenstein, near Cassel, March 9, 1845. He was 

 educated at Cibttingen, Marburg, Wurzburg, and 

 Berlin. In 1871 he began to lecture on botany at 

 Marburg, and two years later was called to professor- 

 ship at Bonn. He has since been professor at 

 Basel (1877), Tubingen (1878), and Leipsic (1887), 

 being also a director of the botanical garden of the last 

 two. He has made contributions to morphology, but 

 in the department of vegetable physiology he has 

 rendered the greatest service to science. Besides 

 many important essays he has published Ifuii<l/>n<fi 

 der Pflnn: pAfMofeffM ('J vok, 1881-82). Since 1881 

 he has published Uittenuchungen ant dem Botanisclten 

 Institut zit Tiiltinr/fii, in which valuable researches by 

 himself and his scholars have appeared. 



ITLEIIUOKER, OTTO, a German theologian, was 

 born at Stetten, Sept 1, 1839. He was educated 

 atTubinpcn University, and after a year's service as a 

 village pastor returned to the University as rcpetcnt. 

 In 1868 he became city pastor at Heilbronn, and in 

 1870 superintendent at Jena, where he was soon made 

 professor-of practical theology. In 1875 he was called 

 to Berlin as professor of systematic theology. He 

 belongs to the most advanced critical school. He 

 has published Dir ReKffio*, ihr Weten wul ihre Ge- 

 srltirhtr ('2 vok, 1869); Moral und Religion (1S71); 

 ReKgtoniphilatoahie a\if gesdiichtlicher Grundlage 

 (1S7S), of which an English translation appeared in 

 London in 1886; Gmndrixt der christlicfifii (Hauliens- 

 itnd Sittfulrhrr. (1880). In the department of New 

 Testament criticism he has published a notable essay 

 on /'aiiliiiixmut (1873), and has contributed much to 

 Hilgenfeld's Zeitschri/t, In 1885 he delivered the 

 Hibbert lectures in London on The Iiifliifncf of the 

 Apotl'f l'<i"! in tlir Development of (Jhrittiatn'ty. 



His brother, EDMUND PKI.KIDKRER, born Oct 12, 

 1842, was also educated at Tubingen, and after service 

 as preacher and teacher in various places, returned 

 there as professor of philosophy in 1878. Ho has 

 published some books on Leibnitz, a volume of rcwiu- 



