PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 



of the Tine or occasionally on the lower surface of the 

 livinir leaf. They are BO delicate aa to require especially 

 favorable conditions to enable them to hatch. From 

 these eggs, which are of two sues, come the only true 

 sexual individual* males and females the males from 

 the smaller eggs and the females from the larger. 

 They are born without mouth-part* and take no food. 

 The female, after having been impregnated, lays a 

 single egg v which is the only directly impregnated egg 

 produced in the life-cycle of the species, and which is 

 UMially secreted under the loose bark of two-year-old 

 cane, and there hibernates. Su-h is t lie usual round 

 of life of tlie species, the exception being that the 

 witii.-;. In | '..'.:. in !.-m:il.'> in;iy o.va~i..iially DOH forth 

 the sexual individuals without the intervention of the 

 winged generation. 



Phylloxera raitatrix: a. healthy rootlet; 6, rootlet -with 

 swellings cauned by Phylloxera; c, do. witli swellings 

 rotting ; dd, lice on larger roots ; e, pupa ; g, winged female 

 hair-lines showing natural size. 



The insect spreads from vine to vine in the wingless 

 state, but the winged individuals the immediate pre- 

 cursors of the sexual individuals are capable of quite 

 extended flight, and spread the species from vim yard 

 to vineyard. It may also be carried to remote di.-t ricts 

 in the winter-egg on cuttings. 



The grape-vine most susceptible to the attacks of the 

 root form of the phylloxera is the European Vitix 

 ". Of the native American varieties the most 

 susceptible the Catawba, Delaware, and the Goethe 

 |..-luiig to the Northern fox-grape (Vitit labriuca). 

 The hardiest and most resisting species among the 

 bunch gntpo belong to I'fli'it irxtirnfiit. The gall form 

 i.- found in.. -i abundantly on the wild winter- or 

 rape ( Yitit oordjfaiba). and least abundantly on 

 the Kuropcan vine ( 1". i-inif<-ni). The symptoms of 

 the disease above ground are a sickly yellowish appear- 

 ance of the leaves and a reduced growth of the cane. 

 This is visible only during the second year of the 

 attack, and about the third year the vine usually dies. 

 The -ymptoms below ground the first year CM. 

 swellings on the rootlets ; the second year of the rotting 

 and disappearance of the fibrous roots and the settling 

 of the lice upon the larger roots, which rot away 

 during the third year. 



The uuiural cucuiice are quite numerous, though 



they are principally found preying uimn the gall-inhab- 

 iting form. The remedio tried have been almoM 

 innumerable. The mo-t ctiWtual so far experimented 

 with is the use of bisulphide of carbon, inserted by 

 means of a special injector, one of the best being that 



Phylloxera vattalrix : a, (swellings on roots ; i, newly hatched 

 root-louse; c, d, its antenna and In;: <, /, g, forms of 

 more mature lice natural size indicated at side. 



invented by M. (lastine. and known by his name. 

 Sulfo-carbonate of potassium is the next remedy that 

 has so far been used ; about a pint to 40 gals, of water 

 is employed to each vine, poured into a circular trench 

 around the vine. Petroleum emulsion, i. e., two parts 

 pf kerosene emulsified in one part of sour milk, and 

 this mixed with from 40 to lu> parts of water, and 

 used in a similar manner, is recommended as still more 

 satisfactory. Submersion, where practicable, the use 

 of rich fertilizers, the adoption of the American resist- 

 ant varieties like Taylor, Clinton, Jacques, etc. as 

 sinks upon which to graft susceptible varieties, are the 

 most satisfactory. 



See th Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth 

 ifittouri Entomological Report*; the Report* of the Cali- 

 fornia Slat. Horticultural Commission, and the Report* of 

 the French C'ommiftion Superieure du Phylloxera. 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. Invervremoteneriods 

 a definite association was recognized between Health, 

 longevity, and physical exercise, and this became a 

 little later an integral part of the creed and the eiviliza- 

 | tion of all the most powerful nations of the world, 

 ! many of whom owed to its recognition their most bril- 

 liant successes in both warlike and artistic pursuits. 

 In Greece, especially, the cultivation of the uody by 

 M of gymnastics begun in the earliest life of the 

 individual, fostered and encouraged by the enormous 

 rewards in both fame and riches accruing from success 

 at the Olympic games, and aided by a rigid application 

 of the principles of heredity, eliminating almost com- 

 pletely i hose persons unfit for the founding or propa- 

 gating of families, resulted in the nearest approach to 

 physical perfection in an entire people thai (he world 

 has ever witnessed. Aristotle considered a common- 

 wealth oM'ntially defective if gymnastics were not a 

 part of its code, while Plato called him a cripple who, 

 cultivating his mind alone, suffered his body to "Ian 

 guish through sloth and inactivity." The labors of 

 gymnastics, lie very truthfully says, if excessive, may 

 make men hard and brutal, but under proper restric- 

 tions they stimulate the spiritual element of their 

 nature, make them courageous, and bring their passions 

 under control. 



The Greek gymnasia were not only schools for the 

 cultivation of tn-> body, but exerted the greatest influ- 

 ence upon the do velopuicnt of art and upon intellectual 

 progress. The idea ever present to the minds of the 

 Greeks that the first care of life should be the i 

 vation of bodily health, without which all other auvau- 



