PIKE. 



207 



Canada. Artificial barytes. commercially known as 

 "blane fixe\" is a mixture of crude heavy spar and 

 other materials, and is superior to natural barytes as a 

 pigment, having greater covering capacity. It is 

 largely employed by paper and card manufacturers. 

 The amount inn>orted is about equal to that made here. 

 There is no difference in the quality, although the im- 

 ported reali/.es a higher price. 



Litharge. See article WHITK LK.AD. 



Orhre. In commerce only the lighter shades of 

 bydrated peroxides of iron are known as ochres ; the 

 darker shades, notably the browns and reds, are desig- 

 nated as "metallic paints." Ochres are found in 

 many States, but the best arc found in Virginia, Peun- ] 

 sylvania, Missouri, Georgia, and South Carolina. 

 Some of these deposits contain various colors and 

 shadings, but not all are valuable as pigments. The 

 more common grades are used by floor-cloth manu- 

 facturers in the preparation of the body of the cloth. 

 Of the grades used ;is a pigment about 10,000 tons are 

 annually mined and sold. Ochres are imported from 

 France, and these are preferred by manufacturers of 

 paint* as they require less oil for grinding, and are 

 (iiently more economical in the manufacture of 

 "mixed paints." 



Rfd /,erf. See article WHITE LEAD 



Sienna. There are many deposits of this clay in the 

 United States, but most of them are of inferior quality. 

 The mines are in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maine, and 

 Virginia, the quality of product ranging in this order. ! 

 Painters prefer the imported, and although double the 

 price of the domestic, Sicily sienna is imported in | 

 yearly increasing quantities. 



Term Alba. The gypsum used to produce this ar- 

 ticle is imported from Nova Scotia, but what proper- \ 

 tion of the total quantity is used in the manufacture ! 

 of paints is not known. The terra alba made from j 

 pypsjiui mined in the United States is used as an I 

 adulterant for many articles, as also by paper-makers 

 and others as a weighting substance. Fine grades of 

 terra alba are imported from France and England, 

 though only in limited quantities. 



1'ltrninarinr. In commerce, the artificial product 

 has received this name and the pigment product of j 

 japis lazuli is scarcely known except to the artist, while i 

 its high cost excludes it from most studios. Only 

 three firms are engaged in the manufacture of ultra- 

 marine, two factories oeing located in the State of New 

 Jersey and one in New York. The annual production 

 of these works amounts to about 2000 tons. For some j 

 years after the manufacture of this pigment was estab- ! 

 lished in the United States, there existed a strong 

 prejudice against it, and fully double the price asked j 

 for the domestic product was obtained for that im- 1 

 ported from Germany. It was not until the year 1880 ! 

 that the first manufacturer began to realize a fair re- 

 ward for his perseverance in introducing American 

 ultramarine,, which from the beginning was equal to ', 

 the best imported. 



I'mln-r. The only States from which umber is ob- \ 

 tatned arc Pennsylvania and Vermont, the former sup- : 

 plying fully five-sixths of the total of about 1500 tons i 

 annually marketed. In all respects except color the j 

 American umber is the equal of that imported from < 

 Turkey, while the price is much lower. The imported j 

 is of a rich, reddish-brown, while the American in- ( 

 clines to gray. An artificial umber, made by mixing 

 certain mineral pigments, and which in color is a good 

 imitation of Turkey umber, is sold as the genuine im- 

 ported. 



Vermiluin. The manufacture of this pigment in 

 the United States is controlled by a combination of' 

 manufacturers which regulates the price, the amount 

 of production, and the trade in the article. The process 

 of miinutiietiire 1 .( extreme difficulty and re- 



<iuirin great skill, the process is kept secret and the 

 manufacturers, not over six in number, are enabled to 

 prevent competition, having fUOOMnt'allj' checked at- . 



tempts to establish new plants which have at differ- 

 ent times been in contemplation. The manufacture 

 of this artificial sulphide of mercury is made a spe- 

 cialty of manufacturers of other pigments and paint s. tin 

 amount consumed being too small to make its manu- 

 facture profitable as a separate industry. The amount 

 manufactured varies from year to year, averaging about 

 800,000 pounds, but does not show the increase which is 

 noticeable in the consumption of most other pigments. 

 This is due to the introduction of substitutes known as 

 vermilion,' but not made from quicksilver. The genu- 

 ine quicksilver vermilion is commercially known as 

 "quicksilver," "English," or "California" vermil- 

 ion. The imports of English vermilion do not increase, 

 the American product being equal to the imported in 

 every respect, and by many regarded as superior. A 

 number of pigments are on the market, known as ver- 

 milion but not made from quicksilver, and these have a 

 large sale, owing to their low market price. The prin- 

 cipal of these, ' American vermilion, "Persian red," 

 "Persian scarlet," " scarlet vermilion," etc., arechro- 

 mates of lead. Of these fully 1,000,000 pounds are 

 produced and sold annually. Other cheap substitutes 

 are aniline colors which, instead of growing darker on 

 exposure as. is the case with quicksilver vermilion, grow 

 lighter. As their color is brilliant they have become 

 popular and their sale has steadily increased until at 

 the present time their consumption equals that of the 

 genuine. These aniline imitation vermilions are sold 

 under various names, the better known being "Roman 

 red," "Swiss red," " Columbian red." "ruboide," 

 etc. The relative value of these several vermilion pig- 

 ments is not easily stated, but true quicksilver vermil- 

 ion is superior in body, richness,and permanency. The 

 chrotnates of lead lack lx>dy, are not so rich in color, 

 but have the compensating quality of greater perma- 

 nency and extreme cheapness. The aniline vermilions 

 have good body, are even more brilliant than the quick- 

 silver vermilion, but their grave fault is the fugacious- 

 ness of the color. 



While Lead is treated in a special article, which 

 see. 



Wliitiny and }\u-i White. The manufacture of 

 whiting is confined to the cities of New York, Brook- 

 lyn, Philadelphia, and Boston. The material used, 

 chalk, is all imported from Hull, England, whence 

 it is brought as ballast in sailing vessels. The annual 

 production is from 300,000 to 350,000 barrels. Paris 

 white is made from English cliffstone, a variety of lime- 

 stone, which is imported from England. From 4000 

 to 4500 tons are annually used. About 300 tons of 

 Paris white are imported from England. 



Zinc White. The oxide of zinc, known as zinc 

 white, ranks second in importance as a pigment. It is 

 extensively employed in the manufacture of mixed 

 paints, and is especially esteemed for indoor painting, 

 owing to the purity and brilliancy of the color. It is 

 made directly from the zinc ore by several firms in New 

 Jersey, Pennsylvania. Missouri, and Wisconsin. The 

 consumption has increased steadily and has now reached 

 about 25,000 tons, only about 2000 tons being imported. 

 The French zinc white is regarded as superior _to the 

 American in purity of color, and the German is pre- 

 ferred by others for no well-defined reason, fully 

 20.000 tons are annually used as a pigment, while 5000 

 tons are consumed by manufacturers of paper, rubber, 

 and pottery. New York city is the principal market 



(H. o. A.) 



PIKE, the strongest and most voracious of fresh 

 water carnivorous fish, comprising the 

 BM Vol. XIX. ug fimx, the only genus of the fani- 

 A, n ^ e p P )' OJ &<*&* The pikes are well repre- 

 sented in the waters of the United States, 

 there being five or six species, while only one species 

 is found in Europe and Asia. The Esocida are soft- 

 rayed abdominal fishes, with long bodies, having but 

 one dorsal fin, opposite the anal. The month is large, 

 with a wide gape.and is plentifully supplied Witt teeth. 



