PILOTY-PTNE. 



200 



a division of the army in the march to Mexico, and 

 was wounded at Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec. After 

 entering the city of Mexico he had serious difficulties 

 with Gen. Scott and was placed under arrest, but was 

 released by orders from Washington. Returning to 

 Tennessee he devoted himself to the management of his 

 estate. In 1850 he was a member of the Nashville 

 Southern Convention and opposed secession. In April, 

 1861, he undertook to raise troops in Tennessee for 

 the Confederacy and was made major-general in the 

 Confederate arm v. His conduct at FORT DONELSON is 

 narrated under that head. (Jen. Grant in his Personal 

 Memoirs expresses a poor opinion of his worth as sol- 

 dier and general. Pillow escaped to Nashville, and 

 afterwards had some nominal command under Beau- 

 regard. He died in Lee Co., Ark., Oct. 6, 1878. 



PILOTY, KARL VON (1826-1886), a German 

 painter, was bom at Munich, Oct. 1, 1826. He 

 studied at the Munich academy and became manager 

 of the lithographic institute founded by his father. 

 He improved his knowledge of art by travels through 

 Belgium. France, and England. His first painting, 

 The Dying Mother and the Nurse, attracted attention 

 to his merits. His next was The Adhesion of the 

 Elector Maximilian to the Catholic League. After 

 Piloty was made professor in 1858, he was quickly 

 surrounded by a crowd of enthusiastic students, gome 

 of whom, Makart for instance, have since been ac- 

 knowledged masters. On the death of Kaulbach, the 

 direction of the Academy was assigned to Piloty. 

 Among his noted works are The Assassination of Wal- 

 lenstein ; Nero amid the Ruins of Rome (1864) ; Co- 

 lumbus Discovering America (1865) ; The Death of 

 Julius Caesar ; Mary Queen of Scots listening to her 

 Death Warrant ; Tnusnelda in the Triumph of Ger- 

 manicus_(1872). At various iiite-rnational exhibitions 

 he obtained the highest honors. Fie died July 21, 

 1886. 



PI N'CKNEY, CIIARI.KS (1 7,-,s-|x^4j, statesman, was 

 born at Charleston, S. ('.. in 1758, being grandson of 

 William Pinckney (I7<i:;-I7'it'i), commissary-general of 

 South Carolina. He became a lawyer and on the cap- 

 ture of Charleston in 1780 was sent as prisoner to St. 

 Augustine, lie, wa-> afterwards elected to the State 

 Legislature, to Congress, and to the Convention which 

 trained the United States Constitution in 1787. In 

 the next year he presided over the Convention which 

 framed the State constitution and was governor of 

 the State for several years. In 1798 he was chosen 

 to the U. S. Senate, in which he advocated the prin- 

 ciples of Jefferson. In 1SU2 he was sent as min- 

 ister to Spain and there obtained a relinquishment of 

 Spanish claims to Louisiana. Returning in 1805 he 

 served chiefly in the State Legislature, but in Congress, 

 1819-21, he opposed the Missouri Compromise. He 

 died at Charleston, Oct. 29, 1*21. 



Hi- son, HENRY LAVHKNS PINCKNEY (I7"4-1863), 

 'iig a member of the South Carolina Legislature, 

 member of Congress from 1833 to 1837, afterwards 

 mayor of Charleston and collector of the port. He 

 upheld the extreme States rights view. He published 

 a biography of his brother-in-law, Robert Y. Hayne, 

 and of Jonathan Maxey and Andrew Jackson. 



PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH (1746-1825). 

 was the most distinguished member of a family noted 

 in South Carolina history. Thomas Pinckney, its 

 founder, emigrated from Lincolnshire, England, in 

 1687. Charles C. Pinckney was born at Charleston, 

 Feb. 25, 1746. His father, who was chief-justice of 

 the colony, took his family to England in 1753 to be 

 educated. Charles graduated at Christ Church Col- 

 lege, Oxford, studied law at the Middle Temple and 

 attended the Royal Military Academy in France. 

 After his return to Charleston, in 1769, he was a law- 

 yer, and took part in the political agitation of the time. 

 He was elected to the Provincial Congress, and at the 

 outbreak of the war was made colonel. He assisted in 

 the defence of Charleston in 1775, and afterwards went 



North where he fought at Brandywine and German- 

 town. Returning to the South he had a share in the 

 vicissitudes of the struggle for independence, and after 

 the surrender of Charleston was prisoner, though 

 part of the time on parole, until February, 1782. He 

 was a delegate to the Convention which framed the 

 U. _S. Constitution, to the State Convention which 

 ratified it, and to the State Constitutional Convention 

 of 1790. He declined a seat in the U. S. Supreme 

 Court and a position in Washington's cabinet. He 

 was sent as U. S. Minister to France in 1796, but the 

 Directory, offended at the attitude of America, dis- 

 missed him and threatened war. The government re- 

 anpointed him, but in a spirit of conciliation joined 

 with him John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry. After 

 various delays they were told by Talleyrand that no 

 peace could be made until the members of the Direc- 

 tory had been paid. The insulting proposal was re- 

 jected, and according to a popular story, Pinckney ex- 

 claimed, "War be it, then ! Millions for defence, but 

 not a cent for tribute!" On the envoys' return to 

 America this exclamation became a favorite motto. 

 Pinckney was elected to Congress, and in 1800 he was 

 supported by the Federalists for the vice-presidency, 

 but was defeated. He had even less success in 1804, 

 when he was a candidate for the presidency, and re- 

 ceived only 14 out of 176 electoral votes. 



His brother, THOMAS PINCKNEY (1750-1828), was 

 also educated in England, and became a lawyer. In 

 the Revolutionary war he rose to the rank of major, 

 fought at Stono terry, and was wounded and captured 

 at the battle of Camden, where he was serving as aide 

 to Gen. Gates. He was sent as U. S. Minister to 

 England in 1792, and in 1794 negotiated a treaty with 

 Spain, securing to American citizens the free naviga- 

 tion of the Mississippi. Returning home in 1796 ne 

 was twice elected to Congress as a Federalist, and on 

 the triumph of the opposite party retired to private 

 life. In 1812 Pres. Madison appointed him major- 

 general, and he took part in campaigns against the 

 Creeks, whom he defeated at Horse-shoe Bend. He 

 died at Charleston, Nov. 2, 1828. 



PINE. This well-known class of trees has been 

 already treated under CONIFERS, 

 > 102 ( 1 1 no r: ' ORESTRY ' ^d LUMBER, and little 

 Am Rep ) remains to be said concerning it. It 

 may be stated generally that the pines 

 are distinguished from all the other Conifer* by the 

 character of their foliage, which consists of needle- 

 shaped leaves in clusters of 2, 3, or 5, surrounded by 

 a sheath at the base. They embrace the pitch pines 

 and their relatives, with leaves 2 or 3 in cluster, scaly- 

 sheathed at base ; wood resinous ; cones lateral and 

 persistent long after shedding the seeds, scales thick- 

 ened at the ends, and often tipped with spines ; leaves 

 rigid : and the white pines, with softer leaves, 5 in 

 cluster, the sheath early deciduous : cones long, cylin- 

 drical, terminal, and falling after the seeds are shed ; 

 scales little or not at all thickened at point ; seeds thin- 

 shelled and winged. 



In the genus Phuut the flowers are monoscious, the 

 fertile catkins terminal, solitary or aggregated, the 

 sterile catkins clustered at the base of the shoot of the 

 season. Each stamen answers to a flower, which is 

 reduced to a two-celled anther with hardly any filament. 

 The fruit is a woody cone, usually large, whose nut- 

 like seeds are partly sunk in excavations at the base of 

 the scales, there being two to each scale. There are 

 from 3 to 12 cotyledons. The blossoms develop in late 

 spring and the cones mature in the autumn of the 

 second year. 



The pines are confined to Europe, Asia, and Amer- 

 ica, except one species in the Canary Islands, and are 

 found mostly in the temperate and cooler regions, 

 where they form large forests. They are among the 

 most useful of trees, yielding, besides wood, such im- 

 portant products as turpentine, rosin, tar, pitch, etc., 

 while several species boar large and edible nuu. iney 



