210 



PINEAPPLE. 



are well r. . in the I'nitd State*, whose white 



pine (/' ttnJiiis) is tin- most valuable conmiercially of 

 all tho pines, and \ields most of the timlicr used in 

 and exported from tli:it country. In the northern ami 

 eMtern regions of the I" nited States this species formerly 

 re<l enormous tracts of land but its range has IMVII 

 greatly reduced l>v the de-tine, .e axe of the wood- 

 man. In form tlie white pine is tlie most elegant of 

 all the usually grown species, and it is much used for 

 ornamental purposes. It i- ilistinguifilied by its gray 

 bmrk. which is smooth and shining up to l. r > years of 

 age, but afterwards crick.- ami roughens, the graceful 



White Pine. 



lightness of its brandies, and its general gracefulness 

 of form. It gr<. ; it and rapidly, sometimes 



attaining a height of CiHl feet. The wood_is soft, fine- 

 grained. and \ery durable, while the stem is so straight 

 and even that large trunks are much nought for as 

 masts of ships. 



The I'nited Siaies have several other species of the 

 .Vleaved, or white pine group. In the Pacific region 

 is /' Lamftrrtiiina. or the great sugar pine of Califor- 

 nia and Oregon, one of the huge trees of the West, 

 isolated specimens of which sometimes reach a height 

 nf 300 feet. and 20 feet diameter of trunk. It bears 

 large, bright-green leaves, and cones of enormous size 

 Other western sperics of this group are /' m-ixinin. 

 the awn-coned pine: /'. jfl<:r!l!t ; and P. mtmtuola, 

 the mountain pine, whose wood resembles that of /' 



. 



Of nines with 3 leaves in the cluster, the Atlantic 

 United States po . -~ /' atutralit, the long-leaved 

 or southern yellow pine, a lofty tree with very resinou 

 wood and durable timlier. much used in_tne Soutli 

 /' /'iila; P. rigii/n. the Northern pitch pine; and /' 

 terotma, the pond j.ine. In the Pacific region there 

 are of this group r. mncrocarpa, the great hooked 

 pine; P. .$"''/". Sabine's pine, which, like the 

 above, bears large edible seeds ; P. pondernsa. the 

 most abundant pine of California and Oregon: P. 

 tdulit, the New .Mexican nut pine, with large, edible 

 seeds; P. Conltri-i, a Calitoinian species. with very 

 large seeds, an 1 I- area thicker and heavier than in any 

 uid /' innignii, so named from its 



.lor. 

 with two leaves in the cluster may be 



pine of the Southern Allcghcnics ; P. jiu'tfr. the yellow 

 pine of the North, a valuable timber live ; /' /m>j*. 

 the .Icr.-cy. or scrub -pine, a ver ; /' 



fxiiikniiiiin, (he Northern scrub pine . and /' ruinntu, 

 iln re>inou. or red jiiui- of the North, whk'h is next 

 lo the white pine in commercial value. There are 

 other American species, several of which hav. 

 introduced from Europe a- ornamental trees. Prin- 

 cipal amoiii.' the latter arc / the Hhotan pine 

 from the Himalaya.--: /' etmbra, from the Alp-. /' 

 fi/lristri*. the Scotch pine, and /' miflrinrti. the -\\is- 

 trian [line. .\ineri<'au pines have also been taken to 

 Europe as ornamental trees, a purpose to which this 

 trenus of 'tree- is excellently adapted through its grace- 

 ful forms and evcrun-cn foliage. For the same reason 

 much has been done to ili.-M-minate the more attractive 

 species over the earth. 



The pines of the Southern Atlantic States arc of 



s] ial value in their abundant vield of rosin and oil 



of turpentine, tar. and pitch This is mainly gathered 

 from one species. /' Hiis/i-iilix. though P. taifa. the 

 loblolly -pine, yield.-- also a considerable cjuantity of tur- 

 pentine. /'. itiisti-iilix. the Southern yellow, or long- 

 leavcd pine, is a tree from iln to 70 fwt high and 15 to 

 1M inches diameter. Its leave.- arc bright green, and 

 from Id to ]'< inches long, enclosed at base in loug 

 white sheathes. The hardness and compactness of it* 

 timber render it of great value for floors, or stairways, 

 where the wear is great, while it yields the great sum 

 of the tar. rosin, and turpentine of the 1'niteil State- 

 The range of States from North Carolina to Florida 

 possesses about I',II.IMHI square miles of pine forest, and 

 their present yield of the al>ove-namcd products is 

 susceptible of L-rcat increase. The value of the naval 

 stores (pitch, rosin, turpentine, etc.) produced in North 

 Carolina in ISSd was almt *S.(HH>.IHKI. while South 

 Carolina also yielded largely. This product N steadily 

 on the increase, and promises to become of treat value 

 in the future. The crude turpentine is obtained by 

 tapping the trees and collecting their exudations. 

 From 10 to 25 percent, of this is oil of turpentine. 

 which is obtained by distillation, while the residuum 

 constitutes the rosin. Tar is obtained by burning the 

 dead limbs and wood in kilns, while the reduction of 

 the tar to half its volume by evaporation yields pitch. 



(c. M.) 



PINEAPPLE, the fruit of AMOUUM wtiva, a 

 tropical plant which is indigenous to 

 South America and some of the West 

 India islands, though now so perfectly 

 naturalized in many tropical countries 

 as to seem a native species. It is found in almost a 

 wild state in India and Ceylon, and is abundant in the 

 Malayan Peninsula. China, the islands of the Eastern 



See Vol. XIX. 

 p. 106 (|>. 114 

 ADI. Rep.). 



Archipelago, and in parts of Africa. The fruit re- 

 ceives its name from its resemblance in form ami < \- 



,... the Table Mountain, or prickly- 1 ternal appearance to the cones of some species of pine- 



