212 



PINTO- 1TTTSRFRO. 



through. The pins, thus -u-]M-ii'l<-<l iti row.- by llicir 

 heads, arc , a do/.en 



grooves, in ca.-h ol' which a pin U deposited a.- il passes 

 under the .-lit A 1 1"/, ii air thus arranged in a row 

 with their point- all in one din-ciion. Tin- .-hrci n!' 

 |>aper to riTcivc tin- pins i.- jiasscd through u gi 

 machine, which creases it into cross ridges, through 

 which a row of a dosen pins is driven at every thrust 

 forward of the carrying frame. This process can be 

 repeated with great rapidity and the pins stuck as 

 fast as made. 



The statistics of the American pin and needle manu- 

 facture in 1880 were as follows, as given in the census 

 reports: Establishments, 40 ; capital invested, $1.111.- 

 .'..VI; hands employed, 1077; wages paid, JS'.H'. _' I 1 ; 

 value of materials, $591,013; value of products, 

 '<-',. The making of pins and needles is, in 

 great measure, confined to Connecticut, which State 

 claims $so}. <.i s.'i of the total annual product. (c. M.) 



PINTO. SKKPA. See SERPA PINTO. 



I'll'H LINKS. See PBTROI.KI M Pii'K-LiNES. 



PIQDA, a city of Miami co., Ohio, is on the W. 

 hank of the Miami river. L's miles N. of Dayton, on 

 the Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Pacific and the Cincin- 

 nati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroads. It has an 

 opera-house, 3 hotels, '2 national banks, 2 daily and 4 

 weekly newspapers, 13 churches, and 5 schools. It has 

 two foundries, oil-refineries, and manufactures of mat- 

 tresses, straw boards, furniture, flour and meal. The 

 city is regularly laid out with wide streets, lighted with 

 gas and electricity. The site is a level plateau. Two 

 bridges connect it with the opposite side of the river. 



PISCICULTrKK.. See FISH CULTURE. 



1 ' I STOL. See S M A 1 1 . - A RMS. 



PITMAN, ISAAC, the inventor of phonography, 

 was born at Trowbridge, England, Jan. 4, 1813. He 

 was educated at a normal school in London and became 

 u teacher at Barton-on-I I umlxT in Is32, and afterwards 

 at Wotton-under-Kdge. Having published a book on 

 shorthand, he removed to Bath in 1839 and devoted 

 himself to the propagation of his system. He estab- 

 lished a special printing-office called the Phonetic In- 

 stitute, and issued a weekly paper. From time to 

 time he revised his system, though its principles re- 

 mained the same. See SHORTHAND, in ENCYCLOPE- 

 DIA BRITANNICA. 



II-- l>roilicr. HKSN PITMAN, removed to the United 

 States, am), settling at Cincinnati, carried on similar 

 work. He was also engaged in reporting important 

 trials. 



PITRA, JEAN BAPTISTE, French cardinal, was born 

 near Autun, Aug. 31. 1S12. He became a priest and 

 taught rhetoric in the seminary of his native town. 

 Afterwards he entered the Benedictine order and re- 

 sided in the abbey of Solesme. In 1 .' Pope Pius IX. 

 sent him to Russia to study the ( Iriental canons and 

 liturgy, and in 1H69 made him librarian of tli. 

 can. In isi'.:; Pitra was made cardinal and in 1879 

 promoted to the rank of cardinal-bishop of Froscali. 

 In ls-1 lie was transferred to the see of Porto et 

 Santa Kufina. He has published some biographies 

 and a valuable collection of documents, called .*/,/<//<- 

 I/I'IIHI Sohmtaue (5 vols., 1852-OCi), which sheds much 

 light on ecclesiastical history ; .///. r/r.<;V/WiW (,'m 



liit<ir!<t 'I iixniiniiiiitii (|SI>4): fijjMMgmwUi 



ili*t jjrtcyne (1867) ; and Ti-in,li,,n Katemaetteon 

 (1879), which is a continuation of his work on the 

 Greek churches. The Sjiifiln/iniH has also been con- 

 tinued in a second series called Analecbt S<n-rn and a 

 third called Atml-,-i<i Xm-aama. 

 PITTSBURG, the second largest city of IVnnsyl- 

 v i TTV va "' a - u at the confluence of the Alle- 

 ghcnyand Monongahela Klver.s. which 

 Am Rep)' new form the Ohio. It i, 363 miles 



west of Philadelphia by the Pennsyl- 

 vania Railroad. Altogether, twelve railroads, six of 

 which are trunk-line-, enter Pitt.-hurg and contribute 

 to iu prosperity. The commerce, which wa.- formerly 



ii.iidn.ud on the Ohii- now Ix-en mostly 



n.tn-trircd to i he railroad-. iei in ls-,7 there were I ft!! 

 IresM-l- bcloiiL'ing to i hi.- (mi i. with a (uiiiiage of 33,240. 

 They were ehietlv engaged in ,-oal earryiiiL'. the total 

 1 Wing $S.IKNHMMI. Piitclmrg in siih- 

 divid.-d into three districts, tin' Old City, K.i-t Knd, 

 and South Side, formerly Birmingham. The Health 

 Bureau estimated its |x>pu]ation in Is^s at 1!.' J .7,(H)0, 

 while Allegheny has a population of W.IKKI. The lat- 

 ter i- en.-lo-.-d between the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers 

 and U a favorite place of residence. The total popu- 

 lation of Allegheny county in 1SSO was 355,869, and is 

 now estimated at 530,000. The appearance of the 

 city has greatly improved since the introduction of 

 natural gas iu 1884 has removed the smoky pall which 

 formerly hung over them. The KM v< i.op.v.mx 

 HiUTAXNir.A gives an excellent account of the history, 

 buildings, and industries of Pittsburg, yet the follow- 

 ing particulars may be added. The finest | ml die building 

 is tlie new county court-house, built of granite and 



ir L'OS ty 306 ft., and enclosing a court -yard. It is 



3 stories high and has a tower 4U. r > ft. high. It re- 

 places one that was destroyed by tire in May, 1882. 

 It was completed and furnished at Irs- than the esti- 

 mated cost, $2,500,000, and was dedicated with special 

 ceremonies on Sept. ^4, 1888, when the centennial an- 

 niversary of Allegheny county was celebrated with 

 civic and military parades. The I'. S. government 

 building, which furnishes accommodation for the post- 

 joffitx! and national courts, was built in 1>S1. The mu- 

 nicipal hall is a stone structure with a tower 175 ft. 

 high. A fine Exposition building, with valuable con- 

 tents, was destroyed by fire, but a new one has been 

 commenced at the apex of the triangle occupied by the 

 city, and will be completed in 1889. 



Pittsburg has 26 national banks, with a capital of 

 $10,620,000; 5 private banks, capital $700,000; T 

 State banks, capital $1,815,300; 14 savings banks, 

 $11,964,850. There are 19 blast furnaces in I'ittsburg 

 besides 5 in the vicinity, 36 iron- and 20 steel-mills. 

 The capacity of the iron-mills is 780,000 tons yearly, 

 and their actual output is about 580,000. The output 

 of rails in 1887 was 360,000 tons; of iron pipes. 

 320,000 tons; of railway supplies, 132,000 tons; of 

 crucible steel, about 42,000 tons ; of Bessemer steel, 

 360,000 tons. Glass is largely manufactured in Pitts- 

 burg and the use of natural gas has increased the 

 amount There are 15 factories making window-glass, 

 '.i making bottles. Id making table-ware, 4 making 

 fancy ware, 7 making lamp-chimneys, and 1 making 

 mola-ware. Tin; capacity of the plate-glass manufac- 

 ture is now li.Vi.iMO si|. ft. per month. There are also 

 locomotive-works with a capacity of 200 yearly, man- 

 ufactories of steam-engines, fire-proof -ales, brass, 

 copper, lead, bronze and tin works, inamiraetories^of 

 iron chains, nuts and bolts, shot-towers, tanneries, 

 factories making Britannia ware, paper-bags, carbon- 

 points, boots and shoes, white-lead, etc. Pittsburg 

 lias the largest cork-factory in the world. The lumber 

 trade in lss7 amounted to IMNKI.IKNI ft., and the pork- 

 packing to H)X.(HKl.iMM) pounds. 



Ihiring the civil war IC.4 companies of soldiers were 

 raised for the Union army in Alleghenv county and 

 30 more wen' reeruiied from it. The Official reeord.- 

 of Pennsylvania give it credit for .';.(KKI soldiers, 

 of whom -l(HK) perished in the struggle. The Subsist- 

 ence Committee, a voluntary association organized in 

 .Inly, IXiil. gave meals to 409,745 soldiers passing 

 through Pittsburg, and relieved 7'..4i'i< sick and 

 wounded at the Holdieo' Home. The Sanitary Fair 

 held in June'. 1st; I. realised $361, 516, part of which 

 '1 in endowing the Western Pennsylvania lln- 

 pital. and the rest for the aid of the soldiers. In 

 July, 1877. a strike took place among the emplove- 

 of the raih' :;iL' through Pm-lmrg. The 



weakness and inetliricn<-\ of the mayor allowed a 

 riotous mob to seize and destroy railroad property 

 there to the value of more than $2,500,000. Tha 



