I'll 



'l. \YF\llt I'U'MKAdO 



ric light. Lumber, iron, ana grain arc thipped l.la.-k drupe, covered with fine blue bloom when ripe 

 In I8SO the population of the village was -'.' I"- The plum is said to be a native of Suutliern Kubsia. 

 of the townships:^. On Sept. 1 1. isu. Gen- the Caucasus, and the Volga region. 



works anil J .-mill |Kirks, ami i* lighted will 

 electric 



Mere 



mod of the township IBS. On Sept. 

 end A. Macouib here repulsed a superior Hriti-li f.n-. -. 

 while on the adjacent Cumlicrland Bay Oraunodon 

 McDonough gained a complete victory over the British 

 fleet at the name time 



PLAYFA1K. SIK KvuN. a British chemist and 

 publicist, was born :it Mcerut. Bengal. May :.'!. IMv. 

 He was educated at St An.lr.-w-. Scotland, aii'l studied 

 chemistry under Prof. Thomas Graham at Glasgow 

 and afterwards at London. In 1S3S he went to Cie- 



ami bU-ktln.ni from its black bark. It.- fruit in a globoM 



The domestic plum resembles th< -loc. t hough larger 

 ami destitute of spines. It is from twelu- to t\M-m\ 

 feet high, with dark given, lanceolate leavi > ami soli 

 tary flowers of white color, having twenty to thirty 

 -lament with oranue anthers, ami one and -<>niciime.- 

 two stylo The fruit is eovered with a line bloom. 

 and contains a smooth surfaced .-;..m- .-harp poiafed 

 at the ends and with a longitudinal furrow ; 

 around it. There are very iiuim-iuus \ arictics. which 



i to Study organic chemistry under Liebig. some of iliffer greatly in si/c ami fla\"r. son e being two inches 

 whose works he translated into Knglish. On his return long, while others are le.-s th:ni an inch. A niong t lu- 

 be had charge of cali-o-print-works at Clitheroe and varieties the greengage is the most esteemed f..r swcct- 

 in 1843 he was made professor of chemistry in the ness and flavor. It i- a delicious dissert fruit, while 

 Royal Institution at Mam-h.-ster. He was employed some of the inferior varieties an -very sour ami harsh 

 by the government in various com missions and especially in taste. The Dapison. another well-known variety. 

 in connection with the World's Fair of 1851. For his } probably received its name from DUMMM, which was 

 set-rices he was made a C. B. , and in 1853 was made formerly celebrated for its plums. The iiluni is a very 

 joint-secretary with Henry Cole, of the newly estab- hardy plant, and is cultivated throughout Kurope 

 lished department of Science and Art. In 1856 he | from Norway to Barbary. and widely in the Tnited 

 was ap|K>mted inspector-general of the Government , States, in which country many choice \arieties have 

 museums and schools of science. In 1858 he was | originated, sonic of them of great size and beauty of 

 called to the chair of chemistry in the University of fruit. It is less grown here than formerly, however. 



urculio and of other 



Kdinlmrirh. and in 1868 was elected to Parliament for on account of the ravages of the cure 

 the Universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews. In diseases. Another species of the 



1873-74 he served in Mr. Gladstone's cabinet, being apricot (P. Ariiiu-;,-<t). i-. widely rai.-ed in Europe. 

 postmaster-general and member of the privy coun- *"* " n ' v "~.<i<.inn,illpmiUivn<.l u< tln> T T nit<1 Stat<.v 

 oil. He was president ofthc commission winch 



genus, 



the 



ot the commission winch in 

 1874 presented the plan for the reorganization of the 

 civil service. After the election of 188(1 he was made 

 deputy speaker of the House of Commons and chair- 

 man of ways and means. ( )n retiring in IS*:* he was 

 made K. C. B. Besides his technical work Dr. Play- 

 fair has published several lectures on educational and 

 sanitarv matters. 



PLEASONTON. ALFRED, general, was born at 

 Washington, D. C., June 7. I ->i!4 He graduated at 

 West Point in 1844 and entered the dragoons. He 

 fought in the Mexican war under (Jen. Taylor and was 

 brevetted for gallantry. He afterwards served on fron- 

 tier duty and as assistant adjutant-p-ncral. llecon- 

 ducted his regiment from Utah to Washington on the 



but is only occasionally cultivated in the I'nited States 

 It is a native of Armenia, growing from fifteen to 

 thirty feet high, and hearing a fruit which resembles 

 the peach, nf roundish >hapc and vellow color, ruddy 

 on tin- side next the sun. the flesh Ix-ing yellow and 

 juicy. 



The sloe and bullace are both naturalized in the 

 United States, and there an- four native SIM 

 I'niHiif known here /' I'liii-l.nfn. the (,'nickasaw 

 plum, is a shrub or small tree ni the Southern States. 

 which bears a thin-skinned, \ellowish-red fruit of 

 agreeable flavor. /' Aiiu-i-ii-itim. the wild yellow or 

 red ilium, is a bushy tree eis:ht to twi nty feet high, 

 bearing a roundish, oval fruit of 'two thirds ineh diame- 

 ter, with a tough skin, but pleasant-flavored pnlp. 



It has a wide range from Canada to Georgia, ami has 



outbreak of the civil war. He served creditably in McClel- been cultivated. The l-aeh plum. /' mtiritiina, is a 

 lan's Peninsular campaign and was made brigadier-gen- low. straggling shrub, which is found on sandy coasts 

 eral of volunteers in July, 1862. When Lee s army in- from Massachusetts to New Jersey, one variety reach- 

 vaded Maryland Pleasonton commanded the division of ing to Alabama. Its fruit is often an inch in diameter. 

 cavalry which followed them, and was engaged at Ant ie- and of pleasant taste, but somewhat astringent. P. 

 tarn. Hv hLs braverv and skilful management at Chan- i/liiiiiliiliani. ofTexas, is less than a foot high, with very 

 cellorsville (</. r. ) he checked "Stonewall Jaekson'sat- crooked, thorny bram-hi s 



The finer varieties of the plum form choice table- 

 fruit, while the inferior kinds are used in pies, con- 

 serves, and sweetmeats. In moderate quantity plums 

 are wholesome, but are apt to produce colic and 

 diarrhoea if eaten to excess, particularly if not fully 

 ripe. A pleasant wine is Bride from them in Kurope, 



tack. Being promoted major-general in June, he had 

 chief command of the cavalry at Gettysburg (a. v.) 

 In I -'' he was transferred to Missouri, and freea 

 that State from the invasion of (Jen. Sterling Price. 

 In March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general U. S. 

 A. In 1866 (Jen. Pleasonton was mustered out of the 



volunteer sen-ice and in 1868 he resigned also from the : and in some places a strong spirit i.- distilled from the 



1 ._ !__!? .!__.!? i" .' ! .! ml. . J- 1.1 . . 1 _ .1. . l 1 



regular army, believing that his claims to promotion 

 had been slighted. He was U. S. collector of internal 

 revenue for some years and afterwards president of the 

 Terre Haute and Cincinnati Railroad. In May. l>ss, 

 he was placed on the retired list of the army with the 

 rank of colonel 



I'l.orcii Bet AOBMI im KK. chap. in. <n. 



PLUM, the name given to f'mtiu* domentica, a tree 



_._ of the order Rotnceee, which differs 

 !<e \ul. XIX. 



|>. 230 (p. 242 

 Am. Rep. i. 



from the cherry chiefly in having a 

 larger ami richer fruit, which ripens 

 later in the season. Prof. Gray says 

 that tin- distinction between the plum and the cherry, 

 while very perceptible, is hard to define botanieally, 

 none of the botanical distinctions beinir constant. The 

 common plum is -upposed t., have originated from 

 the bullace. /' ii*itili,i. a native of Kurope. with a 

 black fruit covered with a yellow bloom, and from /' 

 JNNOKI. the >!<>e u thorny -hrub. commonly called 



fermented juice. The dried plum, under the name of 

 prune, is a favorite dessert article, and great ouaiiti- 

 ties are thus prepared in Europe. Many off he in- 

 ferior grades are sun-dried, the better <|iialities care- 

 fully heat-dried. The lx>st prunes come from France, 

 while large quantities are produced in Spain and Tur- 

 key, and many of a coarse quality in Germany. The 

 prunellos, the finest grade of prunes, are made from 

 the greengage and the St. Catharine plum. Th- - 

 afford a delicious and highlv esteemed .able-fruit. 



(C. M.) 



PLUMBAGO. TIM mineral known under the two 



names of Plumbago and Graphite, and 



'"''''.,. ' ,,, .tl>o t'ie,|iietilly but incorrectly called 



- 1H....1- 1 1 L ,...(!. ., ...,-.., ...1 !'..,-,.,_ 



Am. I'.i-p. . 



Black 1/cad. is one"!' the -everal forms 

 assumed by earlnin. the others In-ing 

 diamond and coal. It occurs in eomdenbk abundance 

 in many parts of the world, being found in laminae or 

 masses in the granite, gneiss, mica, schist, and 



