PLUMER PLYMOUTH. 



PLUMER, WIUJAM SWAN (1802-1880), clergyman 



and author, was born at Griersburg. Pa., July 25, 



1802. He graduated at Washington College, Va., in 



i 1 825, studied theology at Princeton, and was ordained 



Kne limestone of the primary geological strata. Con- 

 cerning its origin mineralogists are in ignorance, 

 though it is generally believed that it was derived from 



very ancient vegetation, which has left no other trace : , 0- , _ , . 



of its existence. It is often found in coal veins where to the Presbyterian ministry in 1827. He served sev 

 traversed by trap-rock, indicating that the coal lias era! churches in Virginia and North Carolina, and 

 been transformed into plumbago by heat. It is also ! while at Richmond was editor of The Watchman of 

 produced in iron furnaces, crystallized in flat flakes in the. South (1837-45). In 1838 he was moderator of 

 the cavities of east-iron. As found in the rocks it is the Presbyterian General Assembly. He was after- 

 coniimsed of pure carbon, with a little iron oxide me- wards pastor in Baltimore, and in 1854 was called to a 

 chanically mixed_, and occin-s in foliated prismatic professorship in the Western Theological Seminary at 

 mas>cs. and also in a compact granular form. It is in- Allegheny City, Pa. On account of his sympathy 

 fusible, very difficult of combustion, and of a lead-like with the South in the civil war he was obliged to re- 

 metallic lustre, from which, and the readiness with tire in 1802, when he removed to Philadelphia. In 

 which it leaves a black mark on paper, it has received j I860 he became professor in the Theological Seminary 

 its name of black lead. at Columbia, S. C., and held that position until 1880, 



Plumbago is utilized in several important methods, j having in 1871 been moderator of the Southern Pres- 

 of which the best known Is its employment in the | byterian General Assembly. He died at Baltimore, 

 manufacture of lead pencils. For this purpose it is j Oct. 22, 1880. In theology he was an extreme Cal- 

 iised either in its pure state, or ground up and mixed vinist. He published The Law of God, an exposition 

 with clay. For tne finer grades of pencils plumbago j of the Ten Commandments (1864), The Grace of 

 free from impurities is reauired. This is attained by Christ (1853), Vital Godliness (1865). Pastoral Theol- 

 grindinir and removing all impurities and then con- \ogy, Studies in the Book of 1 '/minis (1866), Crnnmen- 

 di-nsiii!.' by pressure, or by selecting pure natural gra- ! tariet on ttie Romans and the Hebrews (1870), besides 

 phitc and cutting it into appropriate sizes. A second " 



important use is in the manufacture of retorts and 

 cnieililes. to which it.s hijjh resistance to heat well ad- 

 apts it. For this purpose it is mixed with fire clay, 

 thus forming one of the most refractory substances 

 known. Plumbago crucibles are used largely in the 

 manufacture of Bessemer steel. Another important 

 iliat cif dry lubrication, as in producing smooth- 

 ness of action between the frictional surfaces of the 

 piano and organ. Plumbago, thus applied, must be 

 absolutely free from grit. Recently it has come into 



numerous tracts and minor works. 



PLUMPTRE, EDWARD HAYES, English clergyman, 

 was bo_rn in London, Aug. 6, 1821. He was educated 

 at University College, Oxford, and on graduating in 

 1844 became fellow of Brasenose College. He was 

 chaplain of King's College, London, from 1847 to 

 1868, being also professor of pastoral theology there 

 from 1853 to 1863, and of exegesis from 1864 to 1881. 

 He was also dean of Queen's College, London, from 

 1 855 to 1 875. when he was made its principal, hut he 



extended use as a general lubricant for machinery. 

 .Mixed in proper porpOrtMXM with an oily siik-ianc' 1 it 



Ox 



igned 



lord 



?ned in 1877. He was chosen select preacher at 

 . in 1851, 1864, and 1872, and Boyle lecturer in 

 In 18C>9 he was made rector of Pluckley, Kent. 



in.iiv.-. a perfect lubricant, which remarkably reduces and in 1S73 vicar of Bickley. which position he held 

 friction, and is unaffected by heat or cold, steam or t till 1881, when he was iniidejlean of_Wells. He took 

 .ii-Hs. Others of its uses are for pigments, and for 

 polishing iron surfaces, while in foundries it is em- 

 ployed as a facing for moulds in order to produce a 

 'th surface in casting. In thi< particular it is of 

 : utility. As it is a good conductor of electricity, 

 it is sometimes used to coat moulds in elcctrotyping. 

 Plumbago is found in many parts of the earth, but 

 in few places in sufficient purity for profitable working, 

 it being generally mixed in the vein with slaty and 

 other impurities. Very pure plumbago was fonuerlv 



part in the revision of the English Bible, and in 1875 

 the University of Glasgow conferred on him the de- 

 cree of 1). I). Besides contributing to Smith's Bible. 

 Dictionary he annotated the Book of Proverbs in the 

 .S'/ "/,-</' .s Commentary, the first three Gospels. Act*, 

 and Second t'orinlliiaiis in Bishop Ellicott's New 

 '/'</, i infill Commentary, and ha!h and Jeremiah in 

 the Old Testament Commentary. He assisted also in 

 the Gamin -iili/i HMc and other commentaries, edited 



..,, . _, r . ..- the Bible Educator (1875) and published the Biblical 



> xt racted from the Borrowdale mines of England. | Studies (1870) and Introduction to the. New Testament 

 This was of sufficient purity to be sawn directly into 1(1 883). He has also published Epistles to the^ Seven 

 pencils, as is now done with that extracted from the' dun-die* (1877); Movement of Religious Thought 

 Alibert mine of Siberia. The great source of the 1(1879); Things Neioand OW(1884) ; Spirits in Prison 

 pn-i ni Mipply of plumbago is the island of Ceylon. ! (l 884) ; and Life of Bishtip Thomas Kerr (1886). 

 A here a very pure quality is obtained. Tt is mined Dean Pluuiptre is also favorably known by his poems 

 a I -MI in several European localities. 'and especially his excellent translations of Sophoclex 



California, antl in several other localities, but in few Mass., is situated DD Plymouth Bay, part of Cape 

 places in sufficient purity to warrant its mining. The Cod Bay. '.',' miles S. E. of Boston, at the terminus of 



Enrekt mi if Sonora, California, is said to be ca , a branch of the Old Colony Railroad. Here the Pil- 



liable of yielding 1000 tons monthly. The only place ! grim Fathers landed on Dec. 21, 1620, and founded 

 where plumbago is now mined successfully in the their first settlement in America. Plymouth village 

 I "niifd St,,h- i> at Tieonderoga Essex eo . N. Y. Of | is at the north end of the " town," which is altogether 

 this place we are told in the Miniitfj Kfxoiiwn of t/te about ]6 miles long and 6 miles wide. The " town 

 I'nitnl. States, 1883-84 : "The vein there has been contains larce tracts of woodland and 180 ponds, of 

 worked to a depth of 600 feet. The graphite schist which 135 bear names and are well stocked with perch, 

 or vein is about 15 feet thick, carrying from 8 to 15 pickerel, etc. The village contains Pilgrim Hall, in 

 percent, of graphite, and is practically inexhaustible, which memorials of the Pilgrims of the Mayflower 

 This mine is unusually rich, for it perhaps produces are preserved. In front of it is a portion qt the rock 

 the finest graphite in the world." It contains occa- on which they first stepped. The rock itselt is in 

 cional pockets of graphite of the tin-wt quality, con- Water street, and is now covered by a granite canopy. 

 -i>un - of 99. fl per cent, of carbon. This is the purest I The village has also a town-hall, a _ court-house, 2 na- 



known, and is particularly well adapted for pencil- ' tional banks. 2 savings banks. 2 weekly newspapers 11 

 manufacture. (See PENCILS.) (i'. M.) I churches, a high-school and 30 graded schools.^ Man- 



PLUMBING. Sue SAMTAK-I Sc IKSCK. 



UUUIWllLo. il M1KU 0^UW*] *M\* uv/ MmBH*n uw*-*^-*. 



lufactures are extensively carried on, the chief prodr 



