POLTTTOAL ECONOMY. 



219 



temporary chairman, and Thomas Settle, of North 

 Carolina, as permanent president. On the 1st ballot 

 Ulysses S. (I nun received the entire vote. For V ice- 

 President Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, was nomi- 

 nated over Sehuyler Colfax on the 2d ballot. The 

 national Democratic convention met at Baltimore, July 

 9, 1872, and all the ballots but 45 were cast for Gree- 

 ley, who was declared the candidate for the party. 

 B. Gratz Brown was nominated for Vice-President. 



The convention of the Republican party for 1876 

 met at Cincinnati on June 15, having 752 members. 

 Ed ward McPhereon, of Pennsylvania, was permanent 

 chairman. On the 1st ballot James G. Blaine had 

 2*5 votes; Morton, 125; Bristow, 113; Conkling, 

 99 ; Hayes, 61 ; Hartranft, 58 ; Jewell, 1 1 ; Wheeler, 

 3. The 7th ballot resulted : Blaine, 351 ; Bristow, 

 21, and Hayes. 384, or 5 more than a majority. Wil- 

 liam A. Wheeler received 3f6 votes for Vice-Presi- 

 dent on the 1st ballot. The Democratic convention 

 met in St. Louis June 27. On the 1st ballot S. J. 

 Tilden had 403* votes; Hendricks 133J; Allen. 56: 

 Hancock, 75 ; Parker, 18 ; Bayard, 27. On the 2d 

 ballot Tilden had 508, and was declared nominated ; 

 and Thomas A. Hendricks was unanimously nomi- 

 nated for Vice-President. A convention of the Pro- 

 hibition party met at Cleveland May 16, 1876, and 

 nominated Green Clay Smith, of Kentucky, for Presi- 

 dent, and G. S. Stewart, of Ohio, for Vice-President. 

 A Greenback convention was held at Indianapolis 

 May 17, which nominated Peter Cooper, of New York, 

 for President, and Newton Booth, of California, for 

 Vice-President. Mr. Booth afterwards declined, and 

 Samuel C. Gary, of Ohio, was substituted. 



The national Republican convention of 1880 met 

 at Chicago, June 2. It was a notable gathering of 

 distinguished Republicans. Gen. Grant liad just re- 

 turned from a remarkable journey around the world, 

 and a large portion of the Republican party desired 

 to make him a candidate for a third term. George 

 F. Hoar, of Massachusetts, was selected as temporary 

 chairman, and subsequently made permanent presi- 

 dent of the convention. Kdwards Pierrepont, of New 

 York, reported the platform. After sharp prelimin- 

 ary contests the first ballot was taken on the fifth 

 day of the convention, and stood : Grant, 304 ; Blaine, 

 284 ; Washburne, 31 ; Edmunds, 34 ; Windum, 10; 

 John Sherman, 93. The balloting continued for 2 

 days, and the 36th ballot stood as follows : Grant, 

 306 ; Garfield, 399 ; Blaine, 42 ; Wa.shburne, 5 ; Sher- 

 man, 3. James A. Garfield, of Ohio, thus had a ma- 

 jority, and Roscoe Conkling, of New York, who had 

 led the Grant forces, made the motion that the nomina- 

 tion be unanimous. Chester A. Arthur, of New York, 

 was then nominated for Vice-President on the 1st 

 ballot, receiving 468 votes. The Democratic conven- 

 1 tion of 1880 met at Cincinnati on June 22. A con- 

 siderable number of Democrats believing that Mr. 

 Tilden had been defrauded of the election in 1876 

 urged his renomination. The 1st ballot taken on the 

 3d day stood as follows : Winfield S. Hancock, 171 ; 

 Thomas F. Bayard, 153J ; Stephen B. Field, 65 ; Wil- 

 liam R. Morrison, 62 ; Thomas A. Hendricks, 49$ ; 

 Allen G. Thurman, 68J ; Henry B. Payne, 81 Samuel 

 J. Tilden, 38 ; Thomas Ewing, 10 ; Horatio Seymour, 

 K ; scattering 22. On the 4th day the final ballot 

 was taken with this result : Hancock, 705 ; Hendricks, 

 V> ; Tilden, 1 ; Bayard, 21; and the nomination of 

 Hancock was made unanimous. William H. English 

 was nominated for Vice-President by acclamation. 

 An unsuccessful attempt was made to change the 

 two-thirds rule, which still holds in Democratic con- 

 ventions. The national Prohibition convention met at 

 Cleveland, on June 17. and nominated Neal Dow for 

 President, and A. H. Thompson for Vice-President. 

 The Greenback party met at Chicago June 11, and 

 nominated James B. Weaver, of Iowa, for Presi- 

 dent, and B. J. Chambers, of Texas, for Vice-Presi- 

 dent. 



Ti\ 1SS4 the Republican convention met at Chicago 

 on June 3. For the first time the new system of 

 : representation by delegates elected in Congressional 

 districts was in force. Government office-holders were 

 excluded from the national committee and from the 

 Presidential electors. The scheme proposing that 

 States and districts should be represented in the con- 

 vention in proportion to the number of Republican 

 votes cast by them had failed. The 1st ballot stood: 

 Blaine, 334| ; Arthur, 278 ; Edmunds, 93 ; Logan, 63J: 

 Sherman. 30 ; Hawley,13 ; Lincoln, 4 ; William T.Sher- 

 man, 2. On the 4th ballot James G. Blaine re- 

 ceived 541 votes and was declared the nominee for 

 President. No opposition was made to the nomi- 

 nation of John A. Logan for Vice-President. The 

 national Democratic convention also met at Chicago, 

 July 8. On the 3d day the 1st ballot stood : Grover 

 Cleveland, 392; Thomas F. Bayard, 170; Allen G. 

 Thurman, 88 : Samuel J. Randall, 78 ; Joseph Mc- 

 Donald, 56 ; John G. Carlisle, 27 ; scattering, 9. On 

 the 4th day Cleveland was nominated by the following 

 vote: Cleveland, 683; Hendricks, 45 J ; Bayard, 81 J; 

 McDonald, 2 ; Randall, 4 ; Thurman, 4. Hendricks was 

 nominated for Vice-President without opposition. 

 John P. St. John was nominated for President by the 

 Prohibitionists-; and Benjamin F. Butler by the Green- 

 back and Labor parties. 



In 1888 the Republicans met in Chicago, June 19. 

 The 1st ballot was taken on June 22 with the fol- 

 lowing result : John Sherman, 229 ; Walter Q. 

 Gresham, 107 ; Chauncey M. Depew, 99 ; Russell A. 

 Alger, 84 ; Benjamin Harrison, 79 ; William B. Alli- 

 son, 72 ; James G. Blaine, 33 ; John J. Ingalls, 28 ; 

 William Walter Phelps, 25 ; Jeremiah M. Rusk, 25 ; 

 Edwin H. Fitler, 24; Joseph R. Hawley, 13: Robert 

 T. Lincoln, 3; William McKinley, Jr., 2. The 8th 

 and final ballot, taken on June 25, resulted as follows : 

 Harrison, 544 ; Sherman, 118 ; Alger, 100 ; Gresham, 

 59 ; Blaine, 5 ; McKinley, 4. Gen. Benjamin Harrison, 

 of Indiana, being thus the choice for President, Levi 

 P. Morton was nominated for Vice-President. At 

 the Democratic convention of 1883, held in St. Louis 

 on June 5, there was no opposition to the renom- 

 ination of Pres. Cleveland. The convention, with- 

 out a division,nominated Allen G. Thurman, or Ohio, 

 for Vice-President. Gen. Clinton B. Fisk, of New 

 Jersey, was nominated for the Presidency at the con- 

 vention of the Prohibition party, and Rev. John A. 

 Brooks, of Missouri, for the Vice-Presidency. There 

 were some minor conventions which also nominated 

 candidates. (P. o. M.) 



POLITICAL ECONOMY. While the article in 

 the ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA gives 

 See Vol. XIX. an excellent sketch of the general his- 

 p. 346 (p. 3o9 tory an( j t en d enc y O f the science of 

 Am. Rep.). p o l; tica i Economy the aim of the 

 present article is to give an outline of the labors of 

 Americans in this important field. If the work 

 done in the United States for the development of 

 this science be measured by the number and weight of 

 the systematic treatises, it will appear much less than 

 in England, and perhaps three of the countries on 

 the continent of Europe. But if it be taken into 

 account that in America the discussions of such sub- 

 jects are represented less by books and pamphlets 

 than by newspapers, articles in periodicals and the 

 debates before tlhe people in the national legislature 

 and in political canvasses, it will be found that in no 

 other country has the science been more sedulously 

 cultivated and more profitably employed than with 

 us. From the very foundation of our national gov- 

 ernment in 1789 the problems of currency and bank- 

 ing, taxation, immigration, slavery, protection to home 

 industry, and the administration of public debts 

 have formed integral parts in our political discussions, 

 and in later times those of capital in ite relation to- 

 labor, the administration of charities, and the pre- 

 tensions of communism and socialism have been ad- 



