

POLYTECHNIC SCHOOLS. 



to become sufficiently numerous to demand admission 

 a* a State. That object accomplished, polygamy, al- 

 ready established by custom, would immediately be 

 Iiy law. All these calculations proved mis 

 -truciioii dt' tin- Pacific Railroad made 

 iiiinmnnicatioii i>n the east and the west rapid and 

 cany, ninl tiny Ufainc exposed not <mly to transient 

 observers but to the influx of a population p> 

 by tlio foref ol' the government and regarding the 

 system of polygamy with loathinir ninl disgust. Their 

 polygamous delegate was exitellcd from Congress. The 

 territorial offices were filled Iiy men oppOMfl to the in- 

 Mitution. Finally polygamy was dc'-lai. d to be a 

 mine, and (ho*- who practised it were depri\cd of 

 the elective franchise and subjected to heavy penalties. 

 irse many diffieulties have been met with in en- 

 fun-ing these laws, hut there can be no doubt about the 

 filial result. Already dissensions on this point are 

 springing up among the Murnioni themselves. It is 

 reported that a large portion of those who are deter- 

 mined to maintain the institution of polygamy have 

 purchased a tract of country in the northern part of 

 Mexico and are about to remove thither. Those, who 

 remain where they now are will undoubtedly gradually 

 abandon the practice. So long as I'tah reniiiins a Ter- 

 ritory the authority of the government of the I'nited 

 States is absolute, and it is entirely certain that I'tah 

 will never be admitted into the 1 "nion as a State ex- 

 cept under guarantees that will ensure the final extinc- 

 tion of an institution so opposed to the moral and 

 religious convictions of the nation at laru'e. (\v. M. F.) 



POLYTECHNIC SCHOOLS (derived from the 



rreek r>.ic, many, and ri^vi, art) are educational in- 

 stitutions intended for instruction in the practical 

 applications of mathematics, physics, ami chemistry. 

 The. first school bearing this name was founded in Paris 

 in 1T'J4 by the National Convention for the recruiting 

 of the public service. In this the most eminent franco 

 scientist wi-iv instnictors. and the pupils received an 

 annual stipend from the government. The Kui|icror 

 Napoleon afterwards required the pupils to pay their 

 own expenses and ga\e the school a military organiza- 

 tion, which it has since retained. .Many of the most 

 distinguished Freii'-h M-ientists ami mathematicians 

 have been graduates of this institution. 



Similar institution.-, have been founded in the I'nited 

 by private enterprise, while the larger colleges 

 and uni\crsitics Inve formed their scientific depart- 

 ments on its model. The oldest of these institutions. 

 lJu Rciis-elaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. V.. 

 was founded in isill ; and in the same year the Frank- 

 lin Institute was organized in Philadelphia. Tin -> 

 institutions are still in existence and have done much 

 " xcellent work. From time to time other technical 

 schools were founded, -nthat by l^lsthe Ohio Me- 

 chanics' Institute was in existence and scientific demrt- 

 Idi-d to Vale and Harvard CoOegei 

 and to the ("niver-ity of Virginia. 



In ISL".< the bjghb Useful Central School uf Arts and 

 Manufactures was founded in Paris, while the School 



it' IVsign from which has irrown the school system of 



and ,ut- ot' ( ! real Hrilaiu came into operation 

 in l>.;7 A department of science ami arts was for- 

 mally added to the school system of (ireat Britain in 

 1856. The American movement in this direction was 

 made national in lh>2 by a congressional land-grant 

 to the several States for the support of schools of 

 scientific and industrial education. This action of the 

 i rise to a considerable number of 

 such .State schools, some of which are in a flourishing 

 condition, and excellently equipped with books and 

 'ic material, though in oi tiers: the progress has 

 been fur from .. In addition to these 



'' list might be made of 



unei, '-. trclinic institutions, in many of which 



is of the most thorough character and 

 th equipment d ability equal to that of 



in-titmioiii in I'.ii 



The scientific schools of America, indeed, have 

 elicited favorable comment from foreign authori- 

 l>r Kerr. a Senior Inspector of the Schools of Great 

 Britain, remarked in lss:{ that America had (at St. 

 I/mis) the finest scientific school in the world. Mr 

 Mather, another high authority, says of the technical 

 schools of the 1'nited States: " I am of opinion that 

 there is nothing better of the kind in Europe. The 

 I advantage of the training in these is its practicalness." 



Vi t the schools founded by the land-grant of 1862 

 have not, as a rule, realized the expectations enter- 

 tained of their work. Complaint is made that their 

 instruction is too theoretical, that many of them suffer 

 from_alack of scientific equipment, and that instruc- 

 tion in agriculture and the arts has languished through 

 various causes. These difficulties are gradually being 

 removed ; several of these schools are equipped for 

 thorough instruction in pure and applied science, 

 while progress in this direction is being made in them 

 all. Of the endowed schools several, such as the < 'o 

 lumbia School of Mines, the scientific department of 

 Harvard, of the Johns-Hopkins institution, of the 

 I'niver.sity of Pennsylvania, and of several similar in- 

 stitutions, with other schools solely devoted to poly- 

 technic instruction, have attained a high standing as 

 ols of practical science, and compete successfully 

 with the most famous scientific schools of Europe. 



The following table taken from the report of the 

 Commissioner of Education, gives tin statistical posi- 

 tion of these schools in the I'nited Slates in l:sM>. The 

 statistics of schools of science endowed with the national 

 land-grant are given in the column under "With 

 National lirant" and the statistics of other poly- 

 technic schools under the head " Without." 



With National (irant. Without 



School*, is f> 



Instructor*, :,J7 417 



Stmleiito, 4-263 



Books in libraries, |oo,:i;r; 1:18,7 1.1 



Value of ground*. l>uil<lings, etc., $.">,! s:!,4. : ).'> S^OOM'- 1 * 



I nif from fuii.l-. In. 1-J9.895 



Income from tuition fees, 174,099 74,558 



Income from Stair appropriations, 383,31X1 444,305 



Total income, $962,996 $648,758 



In recent years a system of technical instruction of 

 a less advanced grade has been established in - 

 States, and is meeting with highly encouraging suc- 

 cess. The experiment of combining manual work with 

 education is now going on in many of our cities, and 

 the idea is spreading with great rapidity. The Manual 

 Training School as a practical institution originated in 

 in the Imperial Technical School of Moscow. 

 Russia It was not till IsTti that the world became 



Senerally aware of the excellent work that Russia was 

 oing in this direction. In that year a display of the 

 work of the Moscow school made at the Centennial 

 Exposition. Philadelphia, attracted the attention of 

 educators generally. The first to airept the new idea 

 practically was l>r. .John I). Runklc. of the Massa- 

 chusetts Institute of Technology, who immediately 

 recommended the 1 adoption of the Rn>-ian s\.-tcm 

 and added to the Institute a department of mechanic 

 arts. In IS77 the Washington Unjversity of Si 

 l.i'ui- experimented in the same direction, and gained 

 a tnlly endowed manual training department by 1879. 

 Since that time manual training departments have 

 been added to several of the State agricultural colleges, 

 to Girard College, Philadelphia, and to other institu- 

 tions, while manual training has been made a part of 

 the public school system in Boston, Baltimore. San 

 Francisco, Philadelphia, Washington, and several other 

 cities. One of the most notable of the earlier schools 

 of this character is the VYorkinumcn's School and 

 Free Kindergarten^ established 1 iy Felix Adler in inn- 

 neetion with the Society for Ethical Culture ol 

 Yolk. The purpose ,,f tl;! t gen- 



eral training in iiclu 



