IN 



PRIVATEERING. 



Total No. 



Form of indmtnr. ciliiena. 



Hata JJ,7l 



Ilrmpanil \titr 4,J 3 



II -ifiy mid kuiilini; 2S,SK5 



1. m<- hunting 



Ulnrl.le work 21,471 



IVintiiiK 



Kail way rant 14.I3 



ry lixnUarr 



Shirt* aiidcnllar* 25.687 



8lovn and lioll.iwware..... :.<) 



Tanning : 2:1.812 



Touli 



Trunk* and valiiw 4,5 <4 



Wagons and rarriages. 46,704 



Whips 1,056 



Wire-work 4,t.V.t 



Total No. 



cuuvicta. 



336 



S!>2 



2,417 



-!< 



3--0 



82 



IM 



536 



684 



1,576 



87 



M 



H 



1,458 

 130 

 208 



Total 1,050,020 27,302 



No. of eon- 



rictjito i, u 



citiieua. 



1.4 



9.1 



8.3 



4.7 



1.5 



0.1 



1.2 



19.0 

 2.6 

 4.5 

 0.4 

 1.8 

 8.8 

 S.I 



12.3 

 4.6 



2.5 



It appears, therefore, that only 32 industries, all 

 told, are represented in the prisons of the United States, 

 ami that (lie aggregate of these industries compared 

 wilh the same industries outside is only iij per cent, 

 It should be remembered also that a large proportion 

 of prisoners are employed in the same industries inside 

 that they were previously engaged in outside, and as 

 the product of their labor inside cannot be greater than 

 it was outside the percentage of competition should 

 receive corresponding reduction. The productive power 

 of convict labor is also much less than free labor, BO 

 that the L'j per cent of apparent competition, small ;is 

 it is. should be largely reduced. In fact, except for 

 political purposes, it would scarcely be noticed. 



As with prison labor, so also with prison administra- 

 tion, political influences of a partisan character have 

 ! irirely injurious. In fact, to a large extent. 

 pi -i-<i in officers are selected, not because of experience and 

 trained efficiency in prison management, but because 

 of their services in securing votes for the dominant po- 

 litical party, and prisons can be named in which it has 

 been the established custom for many years that when- 

 ever a change of politics occurs in the State, all per- 

 ons within the prison walla, except the prisoners, must 

 go out, and the result is untrained officials, and terms 

 of office so brief, as to forbid the attainment of the ex- 

 perience essential to the highest efficiency in prison 

 management. Until this evil can be corrected American 

 prisons must remain at a disadvantage in comparison 

 with other countries. 



In England the entire prison service is organized un- 

 der the control of the Secretary of State for the Home 

 Department, subject to whose orders each class of pris- 

 ons is governed by central boards of directors and 

 commissioners, and constantly examined by govern- 

 ment inspectors and by local Justuses. The officers 

 within the prisons are inen who devote their lives to 

 the work, and are appointed and promoted, paid or 

 pensioned, solely for fitness, experience, and efficiency 

 >n the service. " Politics " are utterly without in- 

 fluein-e in the matter. Every appointment is made 

 tier a rigid examination into qualifications for the 

 special work in hand, and then is probationary only, its 

 continuance depending solely upon proved efficiency. 

 Administrations, parties, and governments may rise or 

 full, but from the chairman of directors of convict pris- 

 ons, now the highest authority in the kingdom on the 

 subject of prison discipline, down to the humblest turn- 

 key, every man is secure in his place while he fills it 

 well ; not one can IM- dislodged or fail of his fair pro- 

 motion except by failure to do his work. 



In France, at Met tray, in connection with the agri- 

 cultural penitentiary at that place, for forty years past 

 there has been a training-school for prison officers, and 

 M Mi'Mct/.. its veteran superintendent and the highest 

 authority in the world upon this subject, has declared 

 that a good penitentiary establishment is inn 

 which does not create a nursery of agents from which 

 to recruit it* staff. So also in Belgium and other con- 



tinental countries where high attainments have been 

 njade in prison management, efficiency of aduii- 

 lion by trained officials U considered indispensable, and 

 without it no prison, however complete in iu construc- 

 tion and equipment, can be a sueceas, either there or 

 In re. 



In the const ruct ion, classification, and management 

 of prisons in the I nitol States* greater advance has 

 been made in tin- I:L-I decade than in the previous quar- 

 ter of a century. The discussions and interchange of 

 experiences among |>cnologists at national and inter- 

 national conferences have brought about an intelligent 

 .-..n-i nsiis of opinion which has had a large influen< 

 for good, not only in prison management but also in 

 legislation pertaining to prisons, and there is every 

 reason to hope that in the near future a still larger and 

 more general advance will be made in all our methods 

 of deali ig with the criminal classes. 



As to the character of these improvements there is 

 now, ^substantially, no difference of opinion among 

 American penologists, and their leading requirements 

 may be briefly summarized as follows : 



1. County jails should be solely places for the deten- 

 tion of prisoners awaiting trial, and in them no pris- 

 oner should be permitted to associate with any other 

 prisoner. 



'2. Prisoners convicted of misdemeanors should bo 

 sent to district workhouses and employed at produc- 

 tive labor. 



3. Prisoners convicted of felony should be sent to 

 penitentiaries, of which there should be at least two in 

 each State one a reformatory for young men, and 

 the other for life-prisoners and incorrigibles, and no 

 prison should contain a population exceeding 1000, and 

 a reformatory not more than 600. 



4. All sentences, except for life, should be indefinite, 

 subject to parole and police .supervision within a mini- 

 mum and maximum limit. 



5. All able-bodied prisoners should be kepi at pro- 

 ductive labor, but those in reformatories should re- 

 ceive such educational and industrial training as will 

 enable them to earn an honest living after discharge. 



C. All prisoners upon discharge should be systemat- 

 ically aided to obtain employment. 



7. Prisoners convicted more than twice for felony 

 should be adjudged incorrigible, and sentenced for life, 

 or at leiust for long periods, with the privilege of parole 

 for good conduct at the maximum limit of a first COn- 



8. Prison officers should be as thoroughly trained for 

 their duties as are army and navy officers, and their 

 tenure of office should be as secure and their compen- 

 sation as liberal. 



9. Prisoners convicted of violations of federal laws 

 should be confined in prisons owned and controlled by 

 the general government. 



10. In all prisons moral and religious culture should 

 be the leading reformatory influences, and a prison 

 school, with competent instructors, should be an indis- 

 peiisable requirement (R- B.) 



PllIVA'iEEKING is the practice of sailing armed 

 vessels owned and officered by private 

 ^TRI"'} XI ?!u P 01 * 0118 ' but acting under a commission 

 Am Ue > ) . a 8 ' at *, which authorizes them to 



cruiseagainst thecoinnicrccof an enemy. 

 Such commission is usually called a " letter of marque," 

 the term being derived from a procedure upon land, 

 granting license to go across the boundary (" mark ") 

 and make reprisals. A privateer corresponds to a 

 troop on land commanded by private parties, but act- 

 ing under authority of the state, rather than a* a 

 guerilla Kami. A privateer without a license from 

 the Male would lx: liable to the charge of piracy. Tin; 

 use of privateers in Europe dates back to the timu 

 when large public navies hau not been formed. During 

 the. Middle Ages the European state.-> without navies 

 impressed men-bant vessels in time of war. Private 

 parties also engaged in warfare upon the high seas in 



