ITKHLOS. 



number of related agricultural tribes in Arizona some 

 of which differ in their buiidiiii.' habits from die former, 

 vet are connected with them in other particular*. 

 The Moquis trild-s. DOibawf alHiut li'JiM) and speak- 

 ing languages of a different family, erect building* like 

 those described, these being placed on the summit (it 

 high mesas or isolated hills, which rise abruptly from 

 the plain to the height of from 300 to 500 foot, and are 

 m steep u to be almost inaccessible to an enemy. 

 There are seven of these villages in the Arizona agency, 

 only two of which are accessible by a wagon-road. Of 

 these that known as Oribi is much the ia rge.it. The 

 houses are all of stone, many of them 3 or 4 stories 

 high, with flat, dirt roofs, cement floors, ami small win- 

 dows and doors. Lumber is sueh a luxury that it is 

 seldom used even for doors. The furniture is very 

 kim pie, a sheepskin serving for chair, the floor for 

 table, while a few baskets, blankets, and pieces of pot- 

 tery constitute the whole of the household goods. 

 Nearly every family lias a corn-mill, in which the grain 

 is ground to flour by hand, rubbing with a stone. The 

 Moquis are pastoral and agricultural in their habits. 

 Nearly all have a few sheep, and some have large 

 flocks of sheep, besides horses and barros. They all 

 cultivate the soil, the farms of some being 15 miles or 

 more from the village, their field-crops being wheat 

 and corn, onions, beans, and melons their favorite veg- 

 etables, while peaches, apricots, and other fruits are 

 raised. They weave their own belts and blankets and 

 a coarse kind of cloth, and have some skill in the 

 making of pottery. 



The Pitua Indians of the lower Colorado region are 

 apparently of the same sto-k and cultivate the ground, 

 but are of a lower grade of civilization. Their dwell- 

 ings are the ordinary wigwam of the northern Indians, 

 rudely built, with a hole on one side, through which 

 the savage crawls into his home. They have no 

 chimney or other means of ventilation, and are too low 

 to allow him to stand erect, while the smoke is genc.-- 

 ally thick enough to stifle a white man. These are 

 their winter habitations; in summer they live in the 

 fields under a shelter made of forked sticks, covered 

 with brush and poles to protect them from the sun. 

 There are some 4000 in all of these and the rekted 

 Mariposa tribes. 



The Pueblo Indians have been known for over three 

 centuries, their habits when first known being the 

 same as those displayed now, and many of their hab- 

 itations the same. They were first visited by Alvar 

 Nunez during his remarkable journey from Florida to 

 the Pacific between 1529 and 1538 ; afterwards by l>e 

 Niza in 1539, and in 1540 by Coronado, who visited 

 and described the villages in much the same language 

 as would now be applied to them. The "City of 

 Cibola," called by others Zufii, visited by him, is still 

 in existence, and inhabited by one of the most interest- 

 ing of the Pueblo tribes. Of the earlier history of 

 these Indians nothing is known. They have a few 

 vague traditions, but nothing definite ; yet the ruins of 

 old pueblos and the remains of ancient pottery, which 

 are found not only near these ruins but generally over 

 the plains, indicate a high antiquity and a much more 

 numerous population than at present. In the Valley 

 of the Gila, thirty miles above the I'imo villages, arc 

 traces of ancient canals, adobe buildings, and pottery 

 of a superior character. The same is the case in other 

 parts of northern Arizona, there being evidences of 

 extensive irrigating works and a lanre population, 

 while numerous remains are found in New Mexico, 

 some of them more extensive and exhibiting a higher 

 type of art than in the present villages. Mr. lianda- 

 her. who examined these ruins and studied the Indian 

 habits under the direction of the American Institntt 

 of Archaeology, ban detenu incd that the area formerly 

 occupied by the Pueblo Indians is bounded on tin- 

 east bv a region 40 miles west of the Pecos River, 

 New Mexico, and extends west to within about 10*. 

 miles of the Colorado. Northward it reaches to nearly 



the tnth parallel of latitude, while the limit of south- 

 ward extension is not well indicated. The pueblos 

 vary in degree ot skill, and indicate a gradual develop- 

 ment I ro m the Indian lodge tn the complex edifice, 

 le doubts tin- assertion* sometimes made about a for- 

 iier hu_'. population, and thinks that the many build- 

 ups indicated by the ruin* were occupied successively, 

 ind not simultaneously. This seems confirmed by the 

 raditions of the Xuilis and the I'mios. 



There are certain reason* to believe that village life 

 was in decadence at the period of the first discovery of 

 hese remarkable habitations, and it seems probable 

 hat the industrious Pueblo tribes, after developing a 

 irimitive agriculture by means of irrigation of the soil 

 of this rainless region, and growing numerous and pow- 

 erful, were driven south by the nostilc trilx's <' the 

 lomadic Indians of the north, the strange cliff-dwell- 

 of the river canons of Colorado licing defensive 

 mints occupied in their jjradual retreat. Whether 

 igriculture was original with them, or was derived 

 Voin the civilized peoples of lower Mexico, can- 

 not well be ascertained. All that can be said is that 

 there seems no linguistic uoniiLvtion with the Azt.ec or 

 ither Mexican nations. 



The process of civilizing these Indians has gone on 

 ever since their first discovery. Catholic missions were 

 stiiblished among them two centuries ago, and many 

 >f them are Roman Catholics to-day, though their 

 Christianity is deeply diluted with paganism, and they 

 still cling to their old beliefs and practice-. Among 

 these is the maintenance of the sacred fire and the wor- 

 ship of Montcziima, a deity not to be confounded with 

 the emperor of the Aztecs. The Pueblo Indians were 

 the citizens of Mexico, and came into the Un 

 ^tates with the rights thus acquired. They thus 

 maintain a different relation to the' government from 

 any other Indians, and hold their lands in fee under 

 government patents. The treaty with .Mexico, as in- 

 terpreted by Chief-Justice Slough in I >.'.?, makes 

 t'..ciii full citizens of the United Slate*, lint they have 

 not as yet been recognized as such either by the Fed- 

 eral or the territorial authorities. The internal ad- 

 ministration of the tribes remains in their own hands, 

 and is conducted in accordance with their old customs, 

 cadi village being controlled by a governor and a 

 council of three elders. 



Under American control the Pueblo Indians are 

 making promising and substantial progress in civiliza- 

 tion and education, and will undoubtedly become very 

 useful citizens in the ner future, being self-sustaining, 

 peaceful, and law abiding. Large numbers of their 

 children are at school, and compulsory education is 

 practised with good results. Seven day-schools and 

 two boarding-schools are conducted by the Catholic 

 Board of .Missions, and four day-schools and one 

 boarding-school by the Prcsbvtcrian Board. There is 

 also a government school. The total average attend- 

 ance is 6SO. In some of the schools the boys are 

 taught trades, the. girls instructed in housework, while 

 in the communities at large wagon-roads have been 

 made, bridges constructed, fields enlarged, ini 

 ditches improved and lengthened, better clothing is 

 worn, more fruit-trees planted, and many other indi- 

 cations of growth in ideas and prosperity are shown. 

 This progress is due to the persistent efforts of the res- 

 ervation agents, who are working vigorously and in- 

 telligently lor the advancement of their wards. Among 

 t he igwam-dwclling Pimos many have been induced to 

 build adobe houses by presents of wagons and harm -s, 

 and some of them now possess comfortable and well- 

 eonstrucled farm-houses furnished with tables, chairs, 

 beds, and other civilized appliance*, their walls even 

 being adorned with pictures. When we reflect that 

 these Indians have I wen under the control of the 

 United States for only forty years, this degree of ad- 

 vancement is certainly very encouraging and is full 

 of promise for their future progress in civilization. 



(ait) 



