PULASKI PUMPKIN. 



287 



PULASKI, CASIMIR (1747-1779), a Polish Count] intendent of the public museums and libraries. Since 

 who fought and fell in the American Devolution, was ! 1884 he has again been a member of the Keichstag. 

 born in Lithuania, March 4, 1747. His father. Count | His later works have been his autobiography, My Life 

 Joseph Pulaski, organized the confederation of Bar in and Times (4 vols., 1882), and The Bronze Age in 

 1708, and fell in .the revolt against King Stanislaus Hungary (1884). 

 Augustus. Casimir had served in the army of Duke 

 Charles of Courland, and took an active part in the 

 war in defence of Polish liberty against Russian die- j 

 tation. After the storming of Bar he sought refujre 



in a monastery, where he was besieged for some weeks 

 and then permitted to depart, on promise to endeavor 

 to effect a reconciliation. This promise he afterwards 

 repudiated as extorted by force. From Moldavia he 

 carried on a restless warfare and in 1771 lie even seized 

 the king at Warsaw, but was compelled to release 

 him. Austria and Prussia united with Russia and ef- 

 fected the partition of Poland in 1772. Pulaski's 

 father and two brothers had fallen in the strife ; his 



His wife, THERESE PULSZKT (1819-1866), was 

 married in 1845, and after her husband settled in 

 England engaged in literary work. Her principal 

 publications were Memoirs of a Hungarian Lady (2 



vols., 1800), and Tales and Traditions of Hungary 

 (2 vols., 1851). 



PUMPELLY, RAPHAEL, geologist, was born at 

 Owego, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1837. He received his scien- 

 tific training at Paris, Hanover, and Freiberg, Saxony, 

 and returning to the United States in 1860 engaged in 

 mining in Arizona. In 1861 he was employed by the 

 government of Japan in exploring the mineral re- 

 sources of the island of Yezo and in 1863 bv the 



property was confiscated, and he was sentenced to out- ] government of China in surveying the coal-fields of 

 lawry and death. After some service in the Turkish ; that empire.. In 1866 he was made professor of 

 army he went to France, where he lived in poverty mining engineering in Harvard University. In 1870 

 and obscurity. In 1777 he was brought to the notice] he sun-eyed the copper region of Michigan, and in 

 of Franklin, who engaged his services in behalf oP 1871-73 was State geologist of Missouri, and published 

 American independence. Soon after his arrival at | Reports of his work. When the U. S. Geological 

 Philadelphia, Pulaski's bravery was conspicuous at ; Survey was organized, Prof. Puiupelly took charge of 

 Brandywinc and Germantown, and he was made a the division of economic geology. He was a special 

 brigadier of cavalry. In March, 1778, he'joined the agent of the Tenth Census and for its Report prepared 

 main army at Valley Forge and was authorized to or- Vol. XV., on Mining Industries. From 1881 to 1884 he 

 ganize an independent corps of lancers and light was engaged in the Northern transcontinental sur- 

 mfantry. He visited Bethlehem in the spring, and | vey, which he organized. Since 1884 he has been 

 seems to have had one or more small flap embroidered ' geologist of the archaean division of the national geo- 

 there by the Moravian Sisters. But the consecration logical survey. Besides Reports of his public work 

 of Pulaski's banner, , as described in Longfellow's poem, and contributions to scientific journals he has pub- 

 has no foundation in fact. In six months the Count \ lished Geological Researches in China and Japan 



'tacetF, 

 f this 

 by a deserter, and surprised by the British, and 40 of genus bear large yellow flowers with a bell-shaped 



his men were killed. In February, 1779, he went to 

 the South to assist in the defence of Charleston. 

 Reaching that city in May, he made a bold assault 

 on the British but was repulsed. Charleston was 

 relieved soon after, and the French Count d'Estaing 

 called the Americans to besiege Savannah. Here an 

 assault was ordered on Oct. 9, and Pulaski, at the 

 head of the cavalry, received a mortal wound. I In 



corolla, 5-cleil, its base adherent to the calyx tube, 

 with 3 long much curved anthers which unite into a 

 small head, and 3 stigmas. The fruit is fleshy with a 

 firm rind. The pumpkin, C. pepo, bears a fruit often 

 of enormous dimensions, and is largely cultivated both 

 in Europe and America, the fruit being fed to cattle 

 and used in domestic cookery. The term pumpkin, a 

 corruption of pompion, is very loosely applied in this 



died on board the brig Wasp, Oct. 11, 1779, and was country. In some sections it is used to include the 

 buried at St. Helen's Island. In 1825 Lafayette laid j squashes, members_of another species ; in others it 

 at Savannah the corner-stone of a monument, erected 

 by the people of Georgia. A flag or banner oi Pulaski. 

 20 inches siguare, is in possession of the Maryland 

 Historical Society at Baltimore. Jared Sparks wrote 

 the Life, of Count 1'ulaslti (1845) in his American 

 Bworapluf. 

 1TLSZKY VON LUBOCZ UND CSELFAVA, 



FllANZ Al'REI., Hungarian statesman and author, was 

 bom at Epcrics, Sopt. 17. 1*14. After completing 



embraces only the few varieties of the common New 

 England pumpkin. The latter is a vigorous, prostrate 

 plant, running 12 feet or more, with a hairy, almost 

 prickly stem, the fruit being nearly round or elongated, 

 of large size, the outer surface ribbed or fun-owed, 

 the internal portion mellow and crossed by pulpy 

 threads. The average size of the fruit is about one 

 foot diameter, though it is often much larger, its color 



aclearorange-3*ellow. As ordinarily grown, the seeds 



his education he spent some time in foreign travel, ! are planted in fields of corn or potatoes, and the plant 

 and his Diary of a Journey in (r rent Britain (ls:;7) left to take care of itself ; yet, even with this neglectful 

 procured his MBMBOB to the Hungarian Academy, agriculture, it often yields as much as a ton of the 

 He was elected to the. Keichstag in 1839. In 1848 lie fruit per acre without apparent detriment to the yield 

 was secretary of the Hungarian Finance Ministry, and of corn or potatoes from the same field, 

 later held a similar position in Vienna. Toward the The native country of the pumpkin is disputed, 

 end of that year he took part in the Hungarian revo- but there is good reason to believe that it is indigenous 

 lution and after its failure accompanied Kossuth ' to America. The common field-pumpkin was much 



in his journey through the United States. Pnlszky 

 described this country in his White, Red and Blade 



(3 vols., 1853). Having in the meantime been con- 

 demned to death by a court-martial in Hungary, he 



used for food in New England before the introduction 

 of improved varieties, or of the more edible squashes, 



being made into pies, cooked as squashes are now 

 cooked, or baked, the seeds and stringy matter having 



took up his residence in England. In 1860 he went to i been removed. For winter use it was cut into strips 

 Italy, and took part in Garibaldi's expedition, which and dried in the sun or in a warm room. At present 

 ended at Aspromonte, and was for a time a prisoner at j it is mainly used to feed farm-animals, which eat it 

 Naples. In 180(5, when constitutional self-government j with avidity, though the seeds, being diuretic in their 

 was granted to Hungary, Pulszky shared in the action, need to be first removed. This variety is of a 

 amnesty and returned to his native land. He was a rich orange-yellow color, and round shape with flattened 

 member of the Reichstag from 1867 to 1875, and ends, averaging about 1 4 inches long by 11 or 12 inches 

 attached himself to Dcak. In 1869 he was made wide. The flesh is yellow, generally coarse-grained, and 

 director of the National Museum, and in 1872 super- often stringy, yet still esteemed by many above the 



