290 



PYNCHoN QUAKERS. 



However being removed from the government and 

 cited again to appear More the court. he left the 

 colony in 1652 and fixed his residence at Wra>>bury. 

 England. In } "intler tci Norton apatHM 



under the title, Thr Mfriturinu* /Vi'iv nf Mun'i llr- 

 drmptio*. In tin* lie admits that the .sufferings nf 

 Chrut were appointed a* a punishment tor man's sins, 

 but denies that Christ suffered the vindictive wrath of 

 (Jod or the pains of hell. Pynchon'.s oilier publica- 

 t ions were Thr. Jnri \v<'.'/"Vw ( 1 652) ; Tl<- 

 when the Firxt S-ilJxith tros (trdninnl (1654): //'/.'/ 

 Time; or the Trur Limit* <>/ the Ismf* I>'i<i (I (',:>) . 

 The Covenant of \ntnre nnnlf irilh Ailnni l> 

 (1661). He died at Wraysbury. Oct. '.. 166i>. Hut 

 three copies of his first book are known to be in exist- 

 ence ; one was sold at the Brinley sale for $4oo. Sec 

 Rev. Ezra II. Byinglon's article on " William Pyn- 

 chon " in the Aml'icer liecietr, September, 1886. 



His son, JOHN PyNriios (1627-1703), succeeded to 

 the 111. inagctncnt of affairs in the Connecticut \"alley. 

 He was for titty years a magistrate of Sprindicld and 

 was colonel of the Hampshire ri-^iim-nt. He was an 

 " assistant " under the old charter of Massachusetts 

 and a councillor under the new charter. 



PVNCI1ON. THOMAS Krutii.Ks. clergyman and 

 educator, is descended in the seventh generation from 

 the preceding. He was born at .N.w II even. .Ian. I'.t, 

 fsj.'j, atid was educated at the Boston Litin School. 

 He graduated at Trinity College, Hartfonl. in IS41. 

 and was tutor there 1843J7. lie took orders in the 

 Protestant Episcopal Church in 184* and wa- 

 of Stock bridge and Lenox, Mass., until 1855, win n he 

 returned to Trinity College as professor of chemistry. 

 He was made president of the college in 1874. at 

 has pnlilished ail tiilnnliicti'in to Chemical Physic* 

 (1ST-), and several sermons and pamphlets. 



QUAIL iSee PARTRIDGE. 



QDAIN. RICHARD (1816-1887), physician, was 

 born at Mallow, Ireland, Oct. 13, 1816. His early ed- 

 ucation was in the diocesan school of Cloy no, and he 

 was articled to a surgeon-apothecary in Limerick In 

 1837 IIL went to Indon and entered the London Uni- 

 versity, whence he graduated M. B. in 1840, and M. 

 D. in 1843. He served successively as house-surgeon 

 and house-physician to the Fniversity College II"- 

 pitals. In IS46 he l)ecame a member of the Royal 

 College of Physicians and in 1851 was elected a fellow. 

 He was also elected a fellow of the Royal 

 in 1871 and has held many other positions of re- 

 sponsibility and honor. From ists to 1X75 he was 

 connected with the hospital for diseases of the chest at 

 Bromptoii. and afterwards was consulting physician. 

 As member of the royal commission of the cattle 

 plague he was active in directing tin' investigation, in 

 determining the plan for its extinction and in securin.tr 

 public approval for this plan. His principal work is 

 the Dicti'innry nf Mnlicinf (1882). and he also con- 

 tributed valuable articles to medical journals and to the 

 Tmn&ictiont of learned societies. He was appointed 

 in 1863 crown representative in the general medical 

 council, and was several times reappomtcd. He died 

 Sept 17. ls-7. 



QUAKERS OR FRIENDS IN AMKKICA. The ar 

 v| YV rival at Boston in July, 1 656, of the Eng- 



147 I 154 ''"" P reac ' ler8 - *! ar - v l''i*l'er and Anne 

 Am Rep ) ' Austin, was the lir^t appearuncc of the 

 Friends in America. The Mas>achus<-tt.- 

 Colony immediately legislated (first in October, lii."))',) 

 to suppress Quakerism. l''ines, whipping, mutilation. 

 imprisonment, banishment, etc., were provided in sev- 

 eral successive laws, and that of October, IC>. r >s, pro- 

 Bcribcd death as a penalty for those returning _after 

 banishment. Under this, in 1659 William Robinson 

 and Marmadukc Stevenson, and in 1660 Mary l>yer 

 and William I^-ddra. were hanged on Boston Common, 

 fji persistence in remaining in the colony and preach- 

 ing. Minor persecutions continued for many years. 

 (An extensive literature, considerably enlarged in re- 

 cent years, relates to the history of this subject, as 

 viewed from the Puritan, the Quaker, and other stand- 

 points ") Ali the other early colonies, except Rhode 

 Island, alsc persecuted the Friends, but less severely 

 than Massachusetts. Their preachers, however, con 

 tinued to arrive from England, and the Society had 

 members. b> 1660, in Rhode Island, on Long N.md. 

 and in Maryland and Virginia, besides those who re- 

 mained in Jlassachusctt*. The first regular business 

 mci-tinn'ot importance is presumed to have been held 

 in Rln.'dc Island ill I Ml -an annual gathering. In | 



1671-72 Wil'iam Edmundson and John Burnyeat, 

 preachers ot note from I ! real Britain, travelled through 

 the Friends' communities, and did much to promote 

 an organi/.alion of their meetings; and in 1'>7L'-T3 

 George Fox visited the colonies from Rhode Island to 

 North Carolina, further advancing this work. About 

 lii'o. or somewhat earlier, meetings were established 

 in New Jersey, at Shrewsbury and elsewhere, and 

 there were Friends in North Carolina about I67L'. The 

 purcha.se of West Jersey, in 1674, by the English 

 Friends, and the grant of Pennsylvania to William 

 I'enn in 1681, brought companies of Friends to both 

 banks of the Delaware. In li>7,"> they settled the town 

 of Salem, and in 1677 Burlington, aiid in 1H82 Phila- 

 delphia was laid out, and its building begun. Larirc 

 immigrations of Friends and those in sympathy wiih 

 them, such as the German Mennonites, followed to 

 Pennsylvania in the next half century. In 1708 then; 

 were in all the North American provinces about 250 

 meetings for worship, distributed substantially as fol- 



of M 



, 



lows : Rhode Island and adjoining parts 

 chusctts, 48 ; Ixmg Island and vicinity of New York 

 city, iM, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, ami Delaware, 

 111 ; .Maryland, L'O ; Virginia, 26; and North Caro- 

 lina, 11. 



The changes in the Society since the colonial period 

 may be briefly stated as follows : During the Revolu- 

 tionary war a considerable but not relatively large 

 loss of members was sustained, by the departure of 

 those who took part in it from the peace testimonies 

 of the Society. In New York and East New Jersey 

 many of these sympathized with the mother country ; 

 in Pennsylvania ana West .Jci.-ey the ratio was largely 

 in favor of the colonies. About the close of the cen- 

 tury and later, the North-western Territory being 

 opened, an extensive migration of the North Carolina 

 Friends took place, whole meetings going together to 

 Ohio and Indiana. Similar movements of like charac- 

 ter occurred from Eastern Pennsylvania to Upper 

 Canada and to South-western Pennsylvania. 



There had always been an extensive interchange of 

 ministerial visits lietween Great Britain and this coun- 

 Between K'.V, and 1818 the religious visits of 



try. 



British preachers to this country niimlx'rcd 183; and 

 the corresponding visits of American Friends to Gn-at. 

 Britain (begun about 1693) numbered 110. About 

 1800, and from that date to 18-J5, the English preachers, 

 influenced at home by the Evangelical movement, be- 

 gun by Wesley and others, began to find what they 

 regarded as evidences of unorthodox views in this 

 country, and they especially condemned the doctrines 

 of Elias Hicks (1748-1830), a prominent minister of 

 I/ong Island. In 1827 the Yearly Meeting of Phila- 



