QUARANTINE-QUINCE. 



291 



delphia (by far the largest of the yearly meetings) 

 divided, the minority hasing their discipline upon 

 orthodox doctrine. Other divisions followed in the 

 Yearly Meetings of New York, Ohio, Indiana, and 

 Baltimore. Those of New England and North Caro- 

 lina did not divide, remaining with the Orthodox body. 



Since 1830 several divisions have occurred among 

 the Orthodox Friends, and they now form four bodies, 

 as follows: (I.) Yearly meetings affiliating with each 

 other and corresponding with London Yearly Meeting! 

 This body is frequently designated as Gurneyite, from 

 the fact that it sympathizes, generally, with the views 

 of Joseph John Gurney, an English Friend (1788- 

 1S47), who visited this country in 1837-38, and whose 

 views were opposed by John Wilbur, of Rhode Island, 

 causing a division which extended to several yearly 

 meetings within the following fifteen years. (2.) 

 Yearly meetings of the "Wilbur" view, correspond- 

 iiiLr with each other, but not with any other of the 

 Orthodox bodies, and not "recognized" by London. 

 (3.) Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, which has avoided 

 official commitment to either the Evangelical (or Gur- 

 ney) views, on one hand, or the Wilburite on the other, 

 and has sustained no division. It corresponds (1888) 

 with no other body, though acknowledging the general 

 relation of other Orthodox yearly meetings to itself, 

 by receiving their members and ministers (the latter 

 under carefully guarded rules, recently adopted). (4.) 

 Smaller bodies, which have separated from the others, 

 and have called themselves Primitive Friends, etc. 



The body which did not disown the ministrations of 

 Elias Hicks, in the controversy of 1827, remains un- 

 changed, except by diminution. In the Western .States, 

 especially Ohio. Indiana, Iowa, and Kansas, the Ortho- 

 dox (Class 1, above) have made considerable growth. 

 They have adopted to some extent the methods of 

 other churches, including prearranged services, sal- 

 aried and stationed " pastors," singing during worship, 

 etc., and some of their ministers have been baptized 

 bv immersion. They maintain missionaries in the 

 Wvt Indies, Mexico, and elsewhere. It is these 

 methods, as well as doctrinal divergencies, which have 

 caused the separation from them of the "Wilburite" 

 and smaller Imdies. 



St -italic*. The census of 1880 stated the whole 

 number of Friends in the I'nited States at 95,966, with 

 property valued at $3,202, 142, and 986 meeting places. 

 These totals were divided as lollows : 



No. Vol. Prop. 



1. Orthodox [including Philadelphia 



Yearly Meeting] 66,738 $1,051,847 



2. "Hicksite" 23,668 1,181,333 



3. " Wilburite" Orthodox 4,742 41,28.5 



4. Smaller bodies 618 L7,ii77 



The changes since 1880 in Classes 2, 3, and 4, above, 

 have been unimportant. The Orthodox (Gurin yite) 

 Evangelical body has made a growth in the Western 

 States, by bringing in new members, mainly through 

 "revival" methods. Its number (excluding Phila- 

 delphia Yearly Meeting) was estimated, 1887, at 

 72.:V0. It has ten yearly meetings in the United 

 States and Canada : New England. New York, Canada. 

 Baltimore, North Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, Western 

 Iowa, and Kansas. The body, often called "Hicksite" 

 (it is proper to say they disown this designation, and 

 call themselves simply "The Religious Society of 

 Friends"), has seven yearly meetings: Philadelphia, 

 New York. Genesee. Baltimore, Ohio, Indiana, and 

 Illinois. They have no meetings in New England or 

 south of Virginia. Meetings have recently been or- 

 pnized in Nebraska, which is the farthest west. 

 Their number is estimated, 1888, at 23.000. of which 

 about half are in Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. 



Several educational institutions of importance are in 

 charge of the Friends. In the rank of colleges are 

 Haverford, for younc men, and Bryn Mawr, for young 

 women, both near Philadelphia ; Wilmington, at Wil- 



mington, Ohio ; Earlham, at Richmond, Indiana ; and 

 Penn, at Oskaloosa. Iowa all belonging to the division 

 called Orthodox. They have also several preparatory 

 schools of note, the most prominent of which are those 

 at Providence, R. I., and Westtown, Pa. The other 

 principal body of Friends have Swarthuiore College, 

 near Philadelphia, for both sexes. 



, . . nneys sory o rens 



(Phila., 1859); Junuey's Life of William Penn (Phila., 

 1852) ; Collection oj Memorials (Phila., 1787), and other 

 collections of later date; T. Gilpin's Exilet in Virginia, 

 (Phila.. 1848) ; Account of the Conduct of Friends towards 

 the Indian Tribes (London, 1844); Michener's Retrospect, of 

 Earl uakersm ' 



rary, ete y am an omas vans (14 vols.. 



Phila., begun 1837); R. P. Hallowell's Quaker Invasion of 

 M'lxxiichusetto (Boston, 1883). There are many journals c.'f 

 ministers, one of the most notable being that oi' John Wool- 

 man, of New Jersey (1720-1772), of which many editions 

 have been issued, one (Boston, 1882) edited by John G. 

 Whittier. The questions arising out of the several divisions 

 have given rise to a large number of controversial and doc- 

 trinal issues. Besides those relating to the division of 1827, 

 others of interest are John Wilbur's Narrative (New York, 

 1845); and William Hodgson's Society of Friends in the 

 ISt/i Century (Phila., 1876). (H. M. j.) ' 



QUARANTINE. In the United States, and among 



civilized nations generally, this word no 



, jr* /' <- ' longer signifies " forty days' " detention 



Am ^terO '' 8 ' m P'y U)ean s "maritime sanita- 



tion" and although still used to de- 



note detention for an uncertain period (it may be only 



a few hours or at most a few days) it is now practised 



in connection with other measures employed by those 



in authority for placing the vessel, person, or thing de- 



tained in a thoroughly sanitary condition. (See SANI- 



TARY SCIENCE.) 



"Shot-gun" quarantine is an unscientific if not a 

 lawless procedure indulged in by panic-stricken inhabi- 

 tants who, with deadly weapons in their hands, threaten 

 to shoot any person from an infected district who seeks 

 to enter or pass through their lines cordon sant'taire. 

 Although semi-barbaric and brutal, it exists in some 

 parts of the United States to this day. (p. H. B.) 



QUATREFAGES DE BREAU, JEAN Louis 

 ARMAND DE. a French naturalist, was born at Berthe- 

 zeme, Department of Card, Feb. 10, 1810. He 

 studied medicine and natural sciences at Strasburg and 

 received his doctor's degree in 1829. He lived for 

 some years at Toulouse, where in 1838 he was made 

 professor of zoology. But he soon went to Paris, and 

 in 1842 he commenced a series of scientific voyages 

 along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. In 1850 

 he was appointed professor of natural history in the 

 Lycee Napoleon, and in 1856 exchanged this post for 

 the professorship of anatomy and ethnology in the 

 Museum of Natural History. His extensive investi- 

 gations in zoology, comparative anatomy, and anthro- 

 pology have afforded subjects for many works. Among 

 the principal are Etudes sur les types inferiems de T em- 

 branchment des annetts Souvenir* d' vn Naturaliste, 

 (1854); Physiologic comparee, Metamorphose de 

 I' II< mi me et des Animavx (18G2) ; Histoire de 

 r Homme (1864) ; Charles Darwin et tes Precitrseiirs 

 J'l'iiiirnis (1870); La Race pruxsienne (1871) ; Crania 

 ftln'm (1875-7U); L' J'Jupece liinnaine 1877). Miss 

 E. L. Youmans translated his Natural History of Man 

 (1875) and others of his works have appeared in Eng- 

 lish. 



QUINCE. This plant, Cydonni ndf/an's, so named 



from Cydonia, in Crete, its native place, 



C6 jg<> ; jyg is a well-known, hardy, deciduous fruit- 



Am Hep ) 'f ee ' ?^ '^ e orc ' er Pomacaf, being dis- 



tinguished from the genus Pi/ru> by its 



leafy calyx lobes and the many-seeded cells of its fruit. 



