292 



QUIXCY-QriNINR 



It is low, strangling tree, of from 8 to 15 feet 

 i, with a Crooked .-torn ami twi-tcd (.ranches, a 

 smooth, blackish bark, and large flowers with live 

 red or white |>etals and twenty or more stamens. 

 The fruit is large and globular or pear-shaped, 

 of a rich yellow color when ripe, with a iwseuliar 

 pleasant odor, which, when strong, inuny find disagree- 

 able. The quince now grows ipontaM(m|y in the 



south of France and 

 along the Danube. It 

 was much esteemed by 

 the ancients, who looked 

 upon it as an emblem 

 ot love and happiness. 

 There are several varie- 

 ties, the most distinct 

 being pear-shaped. 

 which is thought the 

 typical form, and which 

 bears most abundantly. 

 The apple-shaped 

 quince, however, is most 

 esteemed. The plant 

 Meecb'. yuince. , , ,] s a rich, mellow 



soil, and well repays manuring. It is readily propagated 

 from the seeds. Its most dangerous enemies are a 

 borer, which is very destructive, and a peculiar yel- 

 low fungus, which attacks the young trees. It is 

 much used as a stock for the budding of the pear. 

 the Portugal variety being the best stock. The fruit 

 is hard, with an austere taste, and is chiefly used 

 lor preserving with sugar and in the making of 

 marmalades, jellies, etc. In England a wine is made 

 from the juice. The nooihghlOWIMdl are employed 

 in pharmacy and the toilet. The wood is hard, and 

 i. ployed in turning. 



Of the other species of Cydania the Chinese 

 quince is a very handsome tree, twenty feet high 

 and of arborescent growth. The Japan quince, C. 

 Japonica, is a low, straggling tree, but is valued as 

 an ortiamciitiil plant. for the rich and abundant 

 crimson blossoms which it bears in early spring. 



QUINCY, a city of Illinois, county seat of Adams 

 oo., is on the Mississippi Itiver. ItiO miles above St. 



1 /ouis. It is on a limestone bluff, 1 2. r > feet above the 

 river, and is an important railroad town. While 

 Quincy Bay gives a fine harbor for steamboats, an 

 important railroad bridge here crosses ilie stream. 

 Quincy has a fine court lmn>e which cost $:; 



2 opera-houses, 2 armories, numerous public, halls. 



7 banks, a cathedral and I'.'i churches, a medical col- 

 lege, several hospitals and asylums. Five daily and 



8 weekly newspapers and 3 monthly magazines 

 re published here. The indust.-ial works comprise 

 large flour-mills, saw- and planing mills, stove-works, 

 breweries, and factories producing c.mi-". r cs. furniture, 

 sash, blinds, and tobacco. Quincy is finely laid out, 

 has gas and electric light, street railways, good water- 

 works and an excellent fire department. It w;is si tiled 

 in Is22 and was made a city in 18^9. In 1880 its 

 population was 27.- 



QUINCY, the name of a family noted in the his- 

 tory of Massachusetts. Jostui Qt ivry, Jr. (1744- 

 ]77.">). was renowned for his eloquent advocacy of the 

 rights of the colonist*. His son. JOSIAII Qn.vrv 

 (1772-1 Si'4). in his long life was a prominent leader 

 of the Federal party, afterwards mayor of Huston 

 (1S22-:W), and a promoter of its improvements ; then 

 an able president of Harvard I'nivcrsity (I Si!'. 1 t.'i) 

 The career of these distinguished men has been 

 sketched in the Kv ^ P>K] i VNMCA. Others 



of the family deserve mention. 



ElHM) QmHOT (1MI-I73*) graduated at liar 

 vard College in If.'J'.l. He was a member of the 

 General Court and of tlic(i.>vcrnor's Council for many 

 years. In 1718 he was made Judge of the Superior 

 Court, and in 1737 went to Knglaud to conduct the 

 case of Massachusetts in a boundary dilute with 



New Hampshire. Tie died at London, Feb. C.I. 1738. 

 and the colony ordered a monument to be erected 

 to his memory there. 



Another KHMUND QMNVV son of 



President Quincy, was born at liosion. Feb. 1, 1- 

 He graduated at Harvaid College- in IS-J7, and H.H 

 secretary of the American Atiti Slavery Society. He 

 [uiblished a novel. \\'mx!>-i/ (!>.'>)), and a biography 

 if his father (lsi',7). and edited his lather's SpeecJiet 

 (\*-r>). He died May -7. 1S77. 



His brother. JOSIAII Qn.vrv (1803-1882), grad- 

 uati d at Harvard in 1S21. stmlied law, and was 

 ictive in the imblic affairs of Massachusetts. He was 

 [resident of tlie State Senate in 1842 and mayor of 

 Huston in isj.'t. Jn his term the water supply from 

 the Cochituate was introduced. Other improvements 

 were also promoted by him. Shortly before his 

 leath he eontributed to the IH,/I-/H mli nt sketches 

 which have been collected under the title, Fiyures of 



Ilis son, S.\\ifKi, MIU.KK Orixrv. born in 1833, 

 became a lawyer and edited the MaHtUfl I rter. 



Entering the army during tin; civil war, he rose 

 from the rank of captain to that of colonel with the 

 brevet of brigadier-general, lie edited the Report* of 

 tin- Stincruir Court uf ,\f IS.HH linxt'ttx. 17ul-72 (1S05), 

 made by his great -grandfather, .losiah Quincy, Jr. 



His brother. Josl.UI Plltl.UP Qi iscv." burn in 

 ISilO, has published dramatic poems, Lyteriti (1856), 

 and Clt'irii-l,:* (|s:,i,). 



QUININE. The history of the manufacture of 

 sulphate of quinine in the 1'nited 

 oce Vol. A.\. ^tatcs is interesting. The manufacture 



Am. Rep!). "!' tllis "'M"'" 1 was begun hv John 

 Farr, an eminent chemist of Philadel- 

 phia, in the year 1*20. The process was crude though 

 complicated, and, with the appliances then available, 

 the manufacture of a few ounces was considered au 

 important undertaking in chemical laboratory work. 

 Prior to the date mentioned all the quinine was im- 

 ported at high cost. The reeonl of the first authentic 

 sale of quinine in the 1'nited States gives the price 

 realized as $200 per ounce, and Samuel Hart, a drug- 

 gist of Philadelphia, as the. seller. The date is not 

 known, though believed to be 1815. The iir.-t lots sold 

 by Mr. Farr were at $8 per drachm. 



The crude material (cinchona bark) was for many 

 years received direct from the forests of South America, 

 where the tree is of indigenous growth. The Peru- 

 vian government for many years enjoyed a monopoly 

 of the trade in cinchona bark, and as the price was 

 gradually advanced the manufacturing chemists ex- 

 tended their investigations. They soon discovered 

 that lower grade barks from other sections could be 

 .1 tliis resulted in a destruction of the monop- 

 oly. As the consumption of quinine increased, the 

 question of future supply of the raw material became 

 a serious one, as it was feared the supply could not be 

 increased to keep pace with extending consumption. 

 Fearing the exhaustion of the supply of bark in South 

 America, the cultivation of cinchona trees was under- 

 taken in ( Yyloii and Java, which, proving successful, an 

 abundant supply is now assured. (See article Civ- 

 CIIONA in ENCYCLOPEDIA BKITANNICA and in this 

 work.) 



The successor to John Fair in the mannfaetnre of 

 quinine was the firm of Farr. 1'owcrs Weightman, 

 Philadelphia, which for many years was the only linn 

 engaged in the business, though latterly the name has 

 been Powers \ - \Veightinan. Two other firms of man- 

 ufacturing chemists, in the same city, began at a later 

 date the manufacture of the alkaloid, namely. Uoscn- 

 gartcn& Sons and Kearby ,V. M.itti.-on Still later thu 

 linn of Charles T. White & Co., of New York, en- 

 gaged in the business, and. about |S,x. r ), a company was 

 >! in the city of New York for the manulac 

 (me of this alkaloid. At no time, however, have there 

 been more than four manufacturers of quinine in the 



