314 



BAPHALLRASPBERRY, 



In the hands of careful practitioners the various species 

 still serve useful purposes in medicine. In pasture- 

 lands they cause great less to tin- agriculturist from the 

 mount of ground l,, s t by tliciroccnpancy. The plant 

 loses much of its acridity by drying, so that it is not as 

 objectionable in huynVM.- a* in ; It is easily 



destroyed by ploughing up the pasture-ground and 

 putting it for a season in corn or potatoes. Most of 

 the kinds growing wholly in water are free from 

 acridity. A' .i.//'.i/i7< Is a favorite food of cattle in 

 Kurope. and they thrive on it, Like most plants of 

 this acrid character, the bitter property is remou .1 by 

 boiling : when cooked many species are eaten as 

 - in the Old World. None of the truly indige- 

 pccimens have obtruded themselves on the no- 

 li. ! ot the aL'riciilturist ill the I'nited States. InCal- 

 ifiirnia. A', f'nlifiiriiicits, a species having some affinity 

 tn the A", tier i* of Kurope. is very abundant in the 

 Coast ranges, no much so that the low grassy hills are 

 often yellow with the shining flowers in early spring. 



(T. M.) 



RAPHALL, Monuis .I 



. ; , Jewish 



, . . 



rabbi, was born at Stockholm. Sweden, in September. 

 IT'.'S. He was educated at a Jewish college in ('open 

 hagen, and in 1X12 went to England for further study. 

 Alter a Continental tour he spent three years at the 

 I'nivcrsity of Uiessen, and in IH2~> settled in Kngland. 

 In is.'fj he licgan to deliver in l/otuloii lectures on the 

 Post-Hiblical history ol'the .lews, and ill ISIJ4 he estab 

 lished the ll,j,nir AVr/r/--, in which lie published 

 tninslutions from the works of Maimonides and other 

 celebrated 



(-ketches. 



the Jews, and in 1*41 he was called to he rabbi of a 

 synagogue at Birmingham. He was prominent in va- 

 rious movements for the advancement of his iv 

 ]84'J he was called to New York to |H> iiastor of the 

 congregation H'nai Jesliunin, and here liecame noted 



rabbis as well as original poems anil 

 In 1S40 lie visited Svria on a mission to 



for his oratorical ability. He died June '2'A. 

 His most noted work is the ]'<ut-Jiilili<-iil lUsturi/ J 

 t'lf J.ir* (-2 vnls. , ISaii). He also published some de 

 votional treat: 



RAIT. OKOIKIK. (I770-IS17). the founder of the 

 Communistic religious sect of Harmonists, was a na- 

 tive of \Vurtemberir. (icrmany, born in 1770. While 

 still a youth he believed that he had experienced a 

 divine call and was charged with the restoration id' the 

 Christian religion to its pristine purity. He did not 

 long confine his efforts to spiritual instruction, but 

 formed a plan of a community to be modelled on the 

 sy-tcm of the primitive church, all goods to be the 

 common property of the association. In the realiza- 

 tion of this project he found himself so hampered by 

 Mate interference in (iermany that he resolved to 

 emigrate to America, where he hoped to be_ able to 

 carry out his plans without official opposition. He 

 reached this country in 1803, accompanied by a band 

 of believers in his religious, social, and political views. 



experiments that have had any measure of success. 



I '"MMIMSM ) 



KASI'AIL. 



, . 



and in l*o/i founded the town of Harmony, on Cone 

 fiuenessing Creek, Butler county. Pa., win 

 community engaged successfully in agriculture and 

 manufacture. In 1815 they removed to a new location 

 on the Wabash River, Ind., where a tract of 27.ixK> 

 acres was obtained, and a settlement started under the 

 name of New Harmony. Here the Harmonists be- 

 came involved in pecuniary difficulties, and in 1S124 

 cold this land and improvements to Robert Owen, 

 who wished to try a socialistic experiment on a differ- 

 ent plan. Rapp and his followers returned to Penn- 

 sylvania, and founded towns called Economy and 

 Harmony, in Heaver county, on the banks of the 

 AlWheny, 17 miles northwest of Pittsburg. Rapp 

 died here on August 7, 1847, but the community is 

 Mill in existence. It owns 3500 acres of land, and in 

 addition to agriculture is engaged in silk, woollen, and 

 cotton manufacture. The industry and morality of 

 the members of the community have pined it general 

 , and it stands as OIK of the few communistic 



(<-. M < 

 VlVKNT (!7'.ll-|S7M. a 



French scientist and revolutionary politician, was 1 

 :it Caipenlra- in the dcj>artmcnt of Vaitclu-e. 1'V.i 

 Jan. "'.I, 17'J4. and attained the chair of philosophy in 

 the college of his native plan-. !). u.i~ e.died ; 

 nounce the oration there on the anniversary of the. 

 battle of Austerlitz, and this, on being submitted to 

 Napoleon, elicited the remark : " Survcillez cejeune 

 hoiiime. il ira loin." In 1S15 he hailed with joy the. 

 return of the Emperor and composed a song which 

 was sung with enthusiasm everywhere. Removing 

 to Paris in 1816 he took j>art in all the plots of the 

 Kestor.it ion-period. In the Revolution of July. IN: in, he 

 < rely wounded. Later he was instrumental in 

 founding the club of "The Friends of the People," 

 and wrote a number of fugitive pieces against the 

 July government, for which he suffered an imprison- 

 ment of I.") months. On the compulsory dissolution 

 of "The Friends of the People "" in 1832. he took 

 part in founding "The Society of the Rights of 

 Man." For a time he studied law, but, disr 

 with its dry details, he turned from it and gave himself 

 with enthusiasm to the natural sciences. His scientific 

 writings of this earlier period were devoted to organic 

 micro-copic chemistry and to vegetable phys: 



Beside general treatises he published Ilistuire Aatiir- 



elledfl lnsn-t ,/, ,/,//, (Paris, IN.'U). 



On the outbreak of the riots of April, 1834, he was 

 again made prisoner, but being released after a short 

 captivity he founded a revolutionary daily paper. !.< 

 Jifforniii/nir, which lived alioiit a year. Raspail now 

 devoted himself with redoubled zeal to science, and ma- 

 tured his camphor-system of medicine, proclaiming 

 camphor as a specific against the germs of all, orniost, 

 /.ymotic diseases. This theory was set forth in his 

 Uistair? Xninn-llf <lela SanUet dela .I/a ';./.'. (;; vols. . 

 ) and in several medical annuals which had 

 extensive sale. On Feb. 24. ISlS.at the head of a riot- 

 ous mob. be stormed his way into the council chamber 

 of the Provisional Government in the II6tcl de Villc, 

 and compelled this body to proclaim the Republic. 

 On February U7 appeared the first numberof his Ami 

 <iii I'lifilf. whose teachings he enforced by the estab- 

 lishment of a revolutionary propaganda through clubs 

 of the " Friends of the People. " Again, on May !.">, 

 he invaded the sitting of the National Assembly. 

 PiMinghl for this outrage along with Hlanqui and 

 other ringleaders before the high court of justice in 

 Bourges, he was Sentenced to six years imprisonment 

 in the citadel of Doullen. This confinement like tin- 

 many others he had to undergo he utilized for the 

 jinrposcs of science, producing in his cell several of 

 -; valuable works. In IS.'i.'i the Imperial gov- 

 ernment permitted him to exchange imprisonment for 

 exile, and he settled in a village in Heluium. Elected 

 a member of the Legislative Corps in I860, he at- 

 tached himself to the party of the extreme left and 

 associated especially with Kochefort (q. r.). InlS7rt 

 he was chosen a member of the Chamber of Deputies. 

 He died Feb. 8, 1878, at Arcucil near Paris. 1: 

 almanacs and scientific and medical reviews he pub- 



lished Rrformes 



(1872). 



His son, BENJAMIN IRAN^OIS RASPAIL, born at 

 Paris. Aug. 16, 1823, has trod in his father's footsteps. 

 In 1849 he was elected to the Legislative ^Assembly, 

 but l>eing proscribed in 1851, sought refuge in Belgium 

 and did not return to France till 1863. In 1876 he 

 was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, where he 

 took his place on the extreme left. 



KASPHKKliY, a member of the botanical genus 

 Jfnlnm, order J^nitiirnr.. The species of this genus, 

 commonly known as brambles, are divided into two 

 sections the blackberry, in which the receptacle is 

 non persistent, juicy, and becomes part of the fruit, 

 and the raspberry, with a persistent, dry receptacle, 

 from which the fruit separates when ripe. The genus 



