RATTLESNAKE-RAUMER. 



317 



constitute the Gospel history were according to Strauss 

 not invented by any single individual, but were the 

 offshoot of the collective impression of a community 

 or communities of people. 



According to Kenan these accounts were rather the 

 transfiguration of fact than a pure creation of pious 

 enthusiasm. Christ's disciples, partly through pious 

 fraud and partly by blind enthusiasm, secured the ap- 

 pearance of the miraculous, to which deception Christ 

 interposed no objection. The resurrection of Lazarus 

 was a pretended resurrection contrived by Christ's 

 disciples for popular etfeot, to which Jesus reluctantly 

 yielded his assent and pretended agency. 



But these later authors have exercised little perma- 

 nent influence, and their writings are interesting chiefly 

 as they relate to the history of rationalism. Theodore 

 Parker (1810-1800) is the only American of promi- 

 nence whose name is associated with rationalism, but 

 his position is so imperfectly defined that such a class- 

 ification may at least be said to be doubtful. (See 

 PARKER, THEODORE, in the ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITAN- 

 NICA.) 



The present time seems to be marked by an attempt 

 to use the word Rationalism in a broader sense than 

 has been attributed to it in the philosophic movements 

 of the past. It is neither naturalism, rationalism in its 

 narrowest sense, norsupernaturalism, all of which have 

 been included in one classification by some of the 

 writers on this subject. The claim which is made under 

 this term in its latest use embraces all progress by 

 which the world has emancipated itself from supersti- 

 tion and error and come under the sway of enlightened 

 reason. 



Whether the attempt to make it synonymous with a 

 true social economy, which is the essay of Lecky,- shall 

 be successful or not remains yet to be determined. 



Litrrnture. Bockshammer, Offenbnrung und Theologie 

 (Stuttgart, 1822) ; Cornil, Feutrb'ich und seine Slrllnng zur 

 Religion und Philosophic drr Gegtnwart fFrankf'ort a. <\. 

 Main, '1851 ) ; Ilenhofer, l>er Kampf de Unglmtbens (Heid- 

 elberg, 18fil) ; Hurter, Utbrr die Reehte der Vemunft und 

 dei Gluubent (Innapnick, 1863) ; Clifford, M., A Treatise of 

 Jl'imnn Reason {\61r> i ; Plain Dealing by A. M. (anon.), a 

 ri'piy to above (London, 1675) ; Draper, .1. W., Jntrllcctv.nl 

 Development iif Europe (N. Y., 1863) ; Farrar, A. S., l-'rrr 

 T/ioHijht in Reference to the Christian Religion (London, 

 1M1) ; Hurst, J. F. History of Riitionnlijtm (N. Y., 1866), 

 reviewed in Edin. Jin., v. 121, 1865 ; fortnightly Rev., v. 1, 

 1865 ; Litlell, 1866, v. 2 (by Geo. Elint) ; Hedpe, Reason in 

 Religion (Boston, 1865); Mackay, It. \V. , Tubingen School 

 and ill Antecedent* ; Mackenzie, G., An Esny on Reason, 

 in Essays (1713); Manuel, II. L., Free Thinking jit* History 

 und Tendencies, in his Letters, etc. (London, 1873), and 

 Limits of Religions ThoughU'S. Y., 1859); Tullocli, John, 

 Rationalism ( Content. Rev., v. 1, 1866), and Rational Theolo'ry 

 and Christian Philosophy in the 17th Century (Edin., 1874); 

 Fisher, G. P., Faith and 'Rationalism (N. Y., 1879) ; Lecky, 

 AV. K. H., llitorii ,,f Jlntinnalimn (N. Y., 1878); Cook, J., 

 Scepticism and Rationalism (London, 1851); 8nlvngnini, O. ; 

 Cinque Contisti e Raiionaliiti (Firenze, 1879) ; Rosmini 

 Serbati, 11 Kazionalismo che l<'nt<i insinuarsi nelle scuole 

 Uologiche additio in opusculi (Prato, 1822). (T. A. K. G.) 



RATTLESNAKE. See SNAKES. 



RAU, CHARLES (1826-1887), archaeologist, was born 

 at Vervien, Belgium, in 1826. After finishing his 

 education in Germany he returned to the United 

 States in 1848 and engaged in teaching. Becoming 

 deeply interested in American archaeology during his 

 residence in the West, he contributed on this subject 

 first to European periodicals, and from 1863 onward to 

 the reports of the Smithsonian Institution. For Har- 

 per '* Magazine he wrote a series of articles on the 

 " Stone Age in Europe," which afterwards formed the 

 volume, Early Man in Europe, (1876). In 1875 he 

 was appointeil a curator in the archaeological depart- 

 ment of the U. S. National Museum at Washington 

 and he held this post till his death. Besides some 

 monographs he published a catalogue of the Museum 

 (1876), and several of his fifty papers were collected 

 under the title Articles on Anthropological Subjects 



(1882). He died at Philadelphia, July 25, 1887, leav- 

 ing two works in an unfinished state. His eminence 

 as an anthropologist was widely recognized, as was 

 shown by his membership in all the European and 

 American archjeological and anthropological societies. 



RAUCH, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS (1806-1841), edu- 

 cator, was born at Kirchbracht, Hesse-Darmstadt, 

 July 27, 1806. He was educated at the Universities of 

 Marburg, G lessen and Heidelberg, and was for a 

 time professor in the last named. In 1831 he 

 removed to the United States, and entered the min- 

 istry of the German Reformed Church. He was, 

 however, chiefly engaged in educational work, being 

 professor of German at Lafayette College, and 

 principal of academies at York and Mercersburg. 

 When a theological seminary was established at the 

 latter place he was made professor of Biblical litera- 

 ture m it, and when Marshall College was founded 

 there in 1836 he was made president. He died at 

 Mercersburg. March 2, 1841. His principal English 

 work is Hmcholngy ( 1 840). 



RAUMER, F'RIEDRICH LUD vna GEORG VON (1781- 

 1873), German historian, was born at Worlitz, May 

 14, 1781. He studied law at the Universities of Halle 

 and Gottingen and had entered the Prussian civil 

 service, but in 1811 was made professor at Breslau aad 

 in 1819 professor of political science and history at 

 Herlin. As early as 1806 he had published HtcJis 

 Dialor/e illter Krieg und Handel, and in 1810 Da 

 britannische Besteiienmgsystem. In 1821 his lectures 

 on ancient history were published, and they passed 

 through four or five editions in his lifetime, as did also 

 his Gescliichte der Holtenstaufen wid Hirer Zeit (6 

 vols., 1823-25; 5th ed., 1878). This noted work 

 clearly displays his ability as a philosophic historian, 

 his masterly combination of insight with practical 

 experience. Von Raumer's interesting essays on the 

 Devflnpmeiit of the Ideas of Law, the State and Poli- 

 ti'cs first appeared in 1820. and the third edition in 1861. 

 After some Letters from 1'aris on the history of the 

 If'ith and 17th centuries, he undertook his great work 

 Geschiilli' /-.'m-'ijiat seitdem Ende. des 15. Jahrhundert 

 (8 vols., 1832-50). By translations of this work he ia 

 chiefly known outside of Germany. It is second only 

 to the labors of Ranke in the same field. Von Raumer 

 was attracted to England by the historical treasures of 

 the British Museum and other repositories, and while 

 using these for essays he also published his impressions 

 of the country and people. He next visited Italy and 

 finally the United States. His description of the latter, 

 of whose political institutions he was a warm admirer, 

 was published in 2 volumes atLeipsic in 1845. Two 

 years later he resigned his post as secretary and mem- 

 ber of the Berlin Academy on account of the unfa- 

 vorable reception of his address on Frederick II. He 

 was elected to the Frankfort national assembly in 1848, 

 and joined the moderate conservatives. He had also 

 some diplomatic experience at Paris, of which he pub- 

 lished an account, and on his return became a mem- 

 ber of the Prussian parliament. Although he re- 

 sjgned his professorship in 1853, he continued for some 

 time longer to give lectures. His later writings, be- 

 sides a Hand-book of the History/ of Literature (4 vols. , 

 1864-66), were chiefly letters and reminiscences. He 

 founded the Ilistorischt Tanchenbuch (Series 1-4, 1830- 

 67), which was renewed in 1871, and continued after 

 his death. He died at Berlin, June 14, 1873. 



His brother, KARL GEORO VON RAUMER (1783- 

 1865), scientist, was born April 9, 1783. in Worlitz, 

 near Dessau. He studied law at Halle and Gottingen and 

 thereafter attended the Mining Academy at Freiberg, 

 on leaving which he made geognostic tours in Ger- 

 many and France. From 1806 to 1811 he filled several 

 legal offices, and in the latter year was appointed pro- 

 fessor of mineralogy at Breslau. In the German War 

 of Liberation he served in 1813-14 as adjutant on 

 Blucher's general staff; in 1819 became a professor in 

 Halle ; in 1823, a co director of the Dittmarsch Edu- 



